{"id":262292,"date":"2025-06-16T13:52:32","date_gmt":"2025-06-16T17:52:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=262292"},"modified":"2026-05-01T11:45:55","modified_gmt":"2026-05-01T15:45:55","slug":"catholic-life-in-us-methodology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/16\/catholic-life-in-us-methodology\/","title":{"rendered":"Methodology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;the-american-trends-panel-survey-methodology&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-american-trends-panel-survey-methodology\">The American Trends Panel survey methodology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"overview\">Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most of the data in this report comes from Wave 162 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center\u2019s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. The survey was conducted from Feb. 3 to 9, 2025. A total of 9,544 panelists (including 1,787 Catholics) responded out of 10,594 who were sampled, for a survey-level response rate of 90%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 3%. The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is 1%. The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 9,544 respondents is plus or minus 1.3 percentage points; the margin of sampling error for the sample of 1,787 Catholic respondents is plus or minus 3.1 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SSRS conducted the survey for Pew Research Center via online (n=9,273) and live telephone (n=271) interviewing. Interviews were conducted in both English and Spanish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To learn more about the ATP, read \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/trendspanel\/\">About the American Trends Panel<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"panel-recruitment\">Panel recruitment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since 2018, the ATP has used address-based sampling (ABS) for recruitment. A study cover letter and a pre-incentive are mailed to a stratified, random sample of households selected from the U.S. Postal Service\u2019s Computerized Delivery Sequence File. This Postal Service file has been estimated to cover 90% to 98% of the population.[16. numoffset=&#8221;16&#8243; AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling. 2016. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/aapor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AAPOR_Report_1_7_16_CLEAN-COPY-FINAL-2.pdf\">AAPOR Report: Address-based Sampling<\/a>.\u201d] Within each sampled household, the adult with the next birthday is selected to participate. Other details of the ABS recruitment protocol have changed over time but are available upon request.[17. Email <a href=\"mailto:pewsurveys@pewresearch.org\">pewsurveys@pewresearch.org<\/a>.] Prior to 2018, the ATP was recruited using landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys administered in English and Spanish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A national sample of U.S. adults has been recruited to the ATP approximately once per year since 2014. In some years, the recruitment has included additional efforts (known as an \u201coversample\u201d) to improve the accuracy of data for underrepresented groups. For example, Hispanic adults, Black adults and Asian adults were oversampled in 2019, 2022 and 2023, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sample-design\">Sample design<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The overall target population for this survey was noninstitutionalized persons ages 18 and older living in the United States. All active panel members were invited to participate in this wave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"questionnaire-development-and-testing\">Questionnaire development and testing<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with SSRS. The web program used for online respondents was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices by the SSRS project team and Pew Research Center researchers. The SSRS project team also populated test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"incentives\">Incentives<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All respondents were offered a post-paid incentive for their participation. Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or gift code to Amazon.com, Target.com or Walmart.com. Incentive amounts ranged from $5 to $20 depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is harder or easier to reach. Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"data-collection-protocol\">Data collection protocol<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The data collection field period for this survey was Feb. 3 to 9, 2025. Surveys were conducted via self-administered web survey or by live telephone interviewing.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>For panelists who take surveys online:<\/strong> Postcard notifications were mailed to a subset on Feb. 3.[18. The American Trends Panel (ATP) does not use routers or chains in any part of its online data collection protocol, nor are they used to direct respondents to additional surveys. Postcard notifications for web panelists are sent to 1) panelists who were recruited within the last two years and 2) panelists recruited prior to the last two years who opt to continue receiving postcard notifications.] Survey invitations were sent out in two separate launches: soft launch and full launch. Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with an initial invitation sent on Feb. 3. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled online panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on Feb. 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=262365\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ededed\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ededed;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-01.png?resize=480,195 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-01.png?resize=782,318 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-01.png?resize=840,342 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"171\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-01.png?w=840\" alt=\"Table showing the invitation and reminder dates for web respondents in ATP Wave 162\" class=\"wp-image-262365 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Panelists participating online were sent an email invitation and up to two email reminders if they did not respond to the survey. ATP panelists who consented to SMS messages were sent an SMS invitation with a link to the survey and up to two SMS reminders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>For panelists who take surveys over the phone with a live interviewer:<\/strong> Prenotification postcards were mailed on Jan. 31. Soft launch took place on Feb. 3 and involved dialing until a total of 15 interviews had been completed. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled phone panelists\u2019 numbers were dialed throughout the remaining field period. Panelists who take surveys via phone can receive up to six calls from trained SSRS interviewers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"data-quality-checks\">Data quality checks<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To ensure high-quality data, Center researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing patterns of satisficing. This includes checking for whether respondents left questions blank at very high rates or always selected the first or last answer presented. As a result of this checking, three ATP respondents were removed from the survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"weighting\">Weighting<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ATP data is weighted in a process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the panel survey process. First, each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of recruitment into the panel. These weights are then calibrated to align with the population benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys and panel attrition. If only a subsample of panelists was invited to participate in the wave, this weight is adjusted to account for any differential probabilities of selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=262366\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efefef\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efefef;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-02.png?resize=480,510 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-02.png?resize=782,830 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-02.png?resize=840,892 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"446\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-02.png?w=840\" alt=\"Table showing American Trends Panel weighting dimensions\" class=\"wp-image-262366 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the panelists who completed the survey, this weight is then calibrated again to align with the population benchmarks identified in the accompanying table and trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights. Sampling errors and tests of statistical significance take into account the effect of weighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The table below shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the Feb. 3-9, 2025, survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=262367\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f4;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-03.png?resize=480,597 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-03.png?resize=782,973 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-03.png?resize=960,1194 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-03.png?resize=1200,1493 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-03.png?resize=1280,1592 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"796\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-03.png?w=823\" alt=\"Table showing the sample sizes and margins of error in ATP Wave 162\" class=\"wp-image-262367 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request. In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"dispositions-and-response-rates\">Dispositions and response rates<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=262368\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f6f6f6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f6f6f6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-04.png?resize=480,356 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-04.png?resize=782,580 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-04.png?resize=960,713 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-04.png?resize=1200,891 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-04.png?resize=1280,950 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"475\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-04.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Table showing the final dispositions in ATP Wave 162\" class=\"wp-image-262368 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=262369\"><img data-dominant-color=\"edeeee\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #edeeee;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-05.png?resize=480,242 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-05.png?resize=782,395 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-05.png?resize=840,424 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"212\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-05.png?w=840\" alt=\"Table showing the cumulative response rate in ATP Wave 162\" class=\"wp-image-262369 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;the-u-s-religious-landscape-study-methodology&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-u-s-religious-landscape-study-methodology\">The U.S. Religious Landscape Study Methodology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some of the data in this report comes from Pew Research Center\u2019s 2023-24 U.S. Religious Landscape Study (RLS). The RLS was conducted in English and Spanish from July 17, 2023, to March 4, 2024, among a nationally representative sample of 36,908 U.S. adults. Complete details about how the RLS was conducted are available in the study\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/02\/26\/religious-landscape-study-methodology\/\">Methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=262370\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ececec\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ececec;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-06.png?resize=480,351 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-06.png?resize=782,572 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-06.png?resize=840,614 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"307\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.16_catholic-life-in-us_M-06.png?w=840\" alt=\"Table showing the sample sizes and margins of error in the 2023-24 U.S. Religious Landscape Study\" class=\"wp-image-262370 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The accompanying table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the RLS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The American Trends Panel survey methodology Overview Most of the data in this report comes from Wave 162 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center\u2019s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. The survey was conducted from Feb. 3 to 9, 2025. 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