{"id":260459,"date":"2025-06-09T13:47:10","date_gmt":"2025-06-09T17:47:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=260459"},"modified":"2025-08-14T10:29:40","modified_gmt":"2025-08-14T14:29:40","slug":"religion-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"12. Religion in the Middle East and North Africa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

As of 2020, the Middle East-North Africa region \u2013 the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity and Islam \u2013 is home to 440 million people, up 24% since 2010. Muslims make up the vast majority of the region\u2019s population (94%). There is no other major geographic region with such a high concentration of a single religion. While most of the world\u2019s Muslims live elsewhere, the Middle East-North Africa region is the only large region with a Muslim majority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Christians are the largest minority group in the region, representing 3% of its population, and they are heavily concentrated in Egypt. Fewer than 2% of residents in the Middle East-North Africa region \u2013 or 7 million people \u2013 are Jewish, almost all of whom live in Israel.[28. numoffset=”28″ Religious identity is measured differently in Israel than elsewhere. Refer to Chapter<\/a> 8<\/a> for further explanation.] Hindus, Buddhists, religiously unaffiliated people and adherents of other religions \u2013 many of whom are Druze living in Lebanon and Israel<\/a> \u2013 each make up less than 1% of the region\u2019s population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gulf Cooperation Council countries, such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, have attracted non-Muslim migrants, boosting the absolute numbers of several religious groups in the broader region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Religious change<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Every group grew in number <\/em>(or count<\/em>) between 2010 and 2020. The region\u2019s small Hindu population grew the most rapidly (up 62%), followed by the even smaller religiously unaffiliated population (up 41%). Meanwhile, Muslims grew to 414 million (up 24%), and the Jewish population grew to nearly 7 million (up 18%). Christians increased their numbers to an estimated 13 million (up 9%), the lowest growth rate in the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There were only small changes in the percentage <\/em>(or share<\/em>) of people represented by each group in the region. The largest change was a 0.4-point decrease in the share that Christians make up of the region\u2019s total population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Substantial change within countries<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Lebanon and Oman are the only two countries in the Middle East-North Africa region that experienced a substantial change (of at least 5 percentage points) in a religious group\u2019s share of their overall population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How is \u2018substantial change\u2019 defined?<\/summary>\n

This section highlights countries that experienced substantial change in the size of their religious populations between 2010 and 2020. We focus on cases where a religious group\u2019s share of a country\u2019s population grew or shrank by at least 5 percentage points. We set that threshold because wide variations in data sources make it difficult to test the statistical significance of differences in population estimates in 2010 and 2020. Refer to the Methodology<\/a> for details.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

In Lebanon,<\/strong> the share of the population that is Muslim rose to 68% (up 5 points), while the Christian population declined by about the same amount, to 28% of all residents of Lebanon. Much of the change was due to a large influx of Muslim refugees from Syria. Lebanon hosts the second-largest number of Syrian refugees (after Turkey) and has the highest concentration of Syrians relative to its population size<\/a> \u2013 roughly one-in-five residents of Lebanon is a Syrian refugee. But the decline in the Christian share of Lebanon\u2019s population also results from a decrease in the absolute number of Christians residing in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In Oman,<\/strong> the share of the population that is Muslim declined to 82% (down 8 points). Hindus and Christians made up rising shares of Oman\u2019s population from 2010 to 2020 as a result of immigration, especially from India. Over the decade, immigrants accounted for most of Oman\u2019s overall population increase of 1.8 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Median age of religious groups<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Middle East-North Africa region has a relatively young population, with a median age of about 25. The only major region of the world with a younger population is sub-Saharan Africa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Muslims tend to be younger than Jews in the Middle East and North Africa; Jews living in the region (primarily in Israel) had a median age of about 31, as of 2020. (We do not have sufficient data on people in other religious categories across the Middle East and North Africa to reliably estimate their age structure.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Every religious group grew in count in the Middle East and North Africa \u2013 a Muslim-majority region \u2013 between 2010 and 2020.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":675,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","bylines":[],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"prc_watchers":[],"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[192,179,193,189,188,412,406,174,160,195,405],"tags":[],"bylines":[723,934,689,2754,871,680],"collection":[],"datasets":[2763],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[499,507,506,516,504,498,514,501,497,513,509,510,505,512,500,508,511,496,515],"research-teams":[517],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-260459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-buddhism","category-christianity","category-hinduism","category-islam","category-judaism","category-pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project","category-religious-characteristics-of-demographic-groups","category-religious-demographics","category-religious-identity-affiliation","category-religiously-unaffiliated","category-size-demographic-characteristics-of-religious-groups","bylines-anne-shi","bylines-conrad-hackett","bylines-dalia-fahmy","bylines-marcin-stonawski","bylines-stephanie-kramer","bylines-yunping-tong","datasets-dataset-of-global-religious-composition-estimates-for-2010-and-2020","formats-report","regions-countries-afghanistan","regions-countries-asia-pacific","regions-countries-china","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-germany","regions-countries-india","regions-countries-international","regions-countries-iran","regions-countries-israel","regions-countries-latin-america","regions-countries-mexico","regions-countries-middle-east-north-africa","regions-countries-multiple-regions-worldwide","regions-countries-north-america","regions-countries-north-korea","regions-countries-russia","regions-countries-sub-saharan-africa","regions-countries-syria","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-religion"],"label":false,"post_parent":260333,"word_count":645,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa\/","art_direction":{"A2":{"id":260814,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_crop.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_crop.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":260816,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_topic.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_topic.png?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":260814,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_crop.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_crop.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":260814,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_crop.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_crop.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"A1":{"id":260816,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_topic.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_topic.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"","chartArt":false},"social":{"id":260815,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/05\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_featured.png?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":120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Factors driving religious change, 2010-2020","slug":"factors-driving-religious-change-2010-2020","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/factors-driving-religious-change-2010-2020\/","is_active":false},{"id":260372,"title":"2. Christian population change","slug":"christian-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/christian-population-change\/","is_active":false},{"id":260385,"title":"3. Muslim population change","slug":"muslim-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/muslim-population-change\/","is_active":false},{"id":260391,"title":"4. Religiously unaffiliated population change","slug":"religiously-unaffiliated-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religiously-unaffiliated-population-change\/","is_active":false},{"id":260423,"title":"5. Hindu population change","slug":"hindu-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/hindu-population-change\/","is_active":false},{"id":260426,"title":"6. Buddhist population change","slug":"buddhist-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/buddhist-population-change\/","is_active":false},{"id":260432,"title":"7. \u2018Other religions\u2019 population change","slug":"other-religions-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/other-religions-population-change\/","is_active":false},{"id":260450,"title":"8. Jewish population change","slug":"jewish-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/jewish-population-change\/","is_active":false},{"id":260452,"title":"9. Religion in Asia and the Pacific","slug":"religion-in-asia-and-the-pacific","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-asia-and-the-pacific\/","is_active":false},{"id":260455,"title":"10. Religion in Europe","slug":"religion-in-europe","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-europe\/","is_active":false},{"id":260457,"title":"11. Religion in Latin America and the Caribbean","slug":"religion-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean\/","is_active":false},{"id":260459,"title":"12. Religion in the Middle East and North Africa","slug":"religion-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa\/","is_active":true},{"id":260490,"title":"13. Religion in North America","slug":"religion-in-north-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-north-america\/","is_active":false},{"id":260607,"title":"14. Religion in sub-Saharan Africa","slug":"religion-in-sub-saharan-africa","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-sub-saharan-africa\/","is_active":false},{"id":260378,"title":"15. Why we revised our estimates for 2010","slug":"why-we-revised-our-estimates-for-2010","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/why-we-revised-our-estimates-for-2010\/","is_active":false},{"id":260611,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"global-religious-change-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/global-religious-change-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":260613,"title":"Methodology","slug":"global-religious-change-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/global-religious-change-methodology\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_3pi6z37oo","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf","label":"Report PDF","attachmentId":261693},{"key":"_t509pgqtr","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_appendix-a.pdf","label":"Appendix A: Sources","icon":"link"},{"key":"_d2dnc5rqw","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_appendix-b.pdf","label":"Appendix B: Religious composition table","icon":"link"},{"key":"_2pwbpkp0p","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/feature\/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2020\/","label":"Interactive table: Religious composition by country, 2010-2020","icon":"link"},{"type":"dataset","id":2763,"label":"Dataset of Global Religious Composition Estimates for 2010 and 2020","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/dataset-of-global-religious-composition-estimates-for-2010-and-2020\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":260459,"title":"12. 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Christian population change","slug":"christian-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/christian-population-change\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":260385,"title":"3. Muslim population change","slug":"muslim-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/muslim-population-change\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":260391,"title":"4. Religiously unaffiliated population change","slug":"religiously-unaffiliated-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religiously-unaffiliated-population-change\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":260423,"title":"5. Hindu population change","slug":"hindu-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/hindu-population-change\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":260426,"title":"6. Buddhist population change","slug":"buddhist-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/buddhist-population-change\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":260432,"title":"7. \u2018Other religions\u2019 population change","slug":"other-religions-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/other-religions-population-change\/","is_active":false,"page_num":8},{"id":260450,"title":"8. Jewish population change","slug":"jewish-population-change","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/jewish-population-change\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9},{"id":260452,"title":"9. Religion in Asia and the Pacific","slug":"religion-in-asia-and-the-pacific","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-asia-and-the-pacific\/","is_active":false,"page_num":10},{"id":260455,"title":"10. Religion in Europe","slug":"religion-in-europe","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-europe\/","is_active":false,"page_num":11},{"id":260457,"title":"11. Religion in Latin America and the Caribbean","slug":"religion-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean\/","is_active":false,"page_num":12},{"id":260459,"title":"12. Religion in the Middle East and North Africa","slug":"religion-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa\/","is_active":true,"page_num":13},{"id":260490,"title":"13. Religion in North America","slug":"religion-in-north-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-north-america\/","is_active":false,"page_num":14},{"id":260607,"title":"14. Religion in sub-Saharan Africa","slug":"religion-in-sub-saharan-africa","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-sub-saharan-africa\/","is_active":false,"page_num":15},{"id":260378,"title":"15. Why we revised our estimates for 2010","slug":"why-we-revised-our-estimates-for-2010","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/why-we-revised-our-estimates-for-2010\/","is_active":false,"page_num":16},{"id":260611,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"global-religious-change-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/global-religious-change-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":17},{"id":260613,"title":"Methodology","slug":"global-religious-change-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/global-religious-change-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":18}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020","parent_id":260333},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"Hackett, Conrad, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie 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