{"id":260455,"date":"2025-06-09T13:47:10","date_gmt":"2025-06-09T17:47:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=260455"},"modified":"2025-08-14T10:29:39","modified_gmt":"2025-08-14T14:29:39","slug":"religion-in-europe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-europe\/","title":{"rendered":"10. Religion in Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

As of 2020, Europe has about 753 million inhabitants, only 2% more than in 2010. Roughly two-thirds of Europeans in 2020 are Christians, and a quarter are religiously unaffiliated. Around 6% of Europe\u2019s residents are Muslims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In many European countries, there has been a decades-long pattern of religious \u201cswitching,\u201d with people who were raised as Christians becoming religiously unaffiliated<\/a>. This widespread disaffiliation has contributed to the thinning of Europe\u2019s Christian population and the swelling of the ranks of the religiously unaffiliated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Between 2010 and 2020, France and the United Kingdom lost their Christian majorities, and the Netherlands gained an unaffiliated majority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Religious change<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Between 2010 and 2020, the absolute number (<\/em>or count<\/em>) of Christians dropped by 9% to 505 million. Jews also decreased in count, by 8%, to 1.3 million in 2020. Meanwhile, every other major religious group grew in number in Europe. The religiously unaffiliated expanded the most, numbering 190 million in 2020 (up 37%). Muslims increased to 46 million (up 16%). Europe\u2019s relatively small Hindu population also grew substantially, rising to 2 million (up 30%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There were also changes in the percentages <\/em>(or shares<\/em>) these groups made up of Europe\u2019s overall population. The biggest driver of change between 2010 and 2020 was religious disaffiliation: The share that Christians made up of the region\u2019s population dropped to 67% (down 8 percentage points), while the share of religiously unaffiliated people rose to 25% (up 7 points). Every other group saw less than a 1-point change over the decade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Immigration to Europe from Muslim-majority countries elsewhere in the world generated a lot of public discussion between 2010 and 2020, particularly as many refugees arrived from Syria<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overall, the share of Europe\u2019s population that is Muslim grew by less than 1 percentage point, to 6% in 2020, but the change was not evenly distributed. In Sweden, where government policies toward Syrian refugees were generous<\/a>, Muslims grew to make up 8% of the country\u2019s inhabitants (up 4 percentage points, or roughly double the share of Sweden\u2019s population that Muslims had been in 2010). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muslims also increased as a share of the overall population by about 4 points in Albania, where they already made up a majority in 2010. The Muslim share was more stable in other European countries. For example, in Germany, where then-Chancellor Angela Merkel\u2019s welcoming stance toward Muslim refugees in 2015 was highly controversial<\/a>, Muslims grew by about 1 percentage point as a share of the country\u2019s population, making up 7% of the country\u2019s residents in 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Substantial change within countries<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Among regions, Europe has the largest number of countries (23) that experienced a substantial change (of 5 percentage points or more) in at least one religious group\u2019s share of the population. Every such change in the region reflected declining percentages of Christians. In most of these countries (20), religiously unaffiliated people increased as a share of the population by at least 5 points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How is \u2018substantial change\u2019 defined?<\/summary>\n

This section highlights countries that experienced substantial change in the size of their religious populations between 2010 and 2020. We focus on cases where a religious group\u2019s share of a country\u2019s population grew or shrank by at least 5 percentage points. We set that threshold because wide variations in data sources make it difficult to test the statistical significance of differences in population estimates in 2010 and 2020. Refer to the Methodology<\/a> for details.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

The largest shift, in terms of percentage point change, occurred among Christians in the United Kingdom, <\/strong>where Christians shrank to just under half of the UK\u2019s population (down 13 points). At the same time, religiously unaffiliated people increased to 40% of the UK population (up 11 points). A slightly larger change among the religiously unaffiliated occurred in Estonia<\/strong>, where they grew to represent 44% of the country\u2019s population (up 12 points).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Europe, two countries \u2013 France<\/strong> and the UK \u2013 had Christian majorities in 2010 and no longer do. Meanwhile, the Netherlands<\/strong> became the second unaffiliated-majority country in Europe, joining the Czech Republic.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aside from Christians and unaffiliated people, no religious group saw its share in any European country change by 5 percentage points or more between 2010 and 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Median age of religious groups<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Europeans are older, on average, than people in any other region, with a median age of 42. Europe has slower population growth than other regions largely because of relatively low fertility rates and large percentages of older adults. In fact, the populations of some European countries would have shrunk since 2000<\/a> if not for immigration, because deaths have outpaced births.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Table<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Muslims are the youngest religious group in Europe, with a median age of 34. The median age of European Jews \u2013 the oldest group in the region \u2013 is approximately 53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hindus (36 years), religiously unaffiliated people (39) and Buddhists (40) all have median ages below the region\u2019s overall figure. We do not have sufficient data on adherents of other religions in Europe to reliably estimate their age structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As with Jews, Christians (45) tend to be older than other Europeans.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Christians are still a majority in Europe but disaffiliation thinned the Christian population from 2010 to 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Religion in North America","slug":"religion-in-north-america","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-north-america\/","is_active":false},{"id":260607,"title":"14. Religion in sub-Saharan Africa","slug":"religion-in-sub-saharan-africa","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-sub-saharan-africa\/","is_active":false},{"id":260378,"title":"15. Why we revised our estimates for 2010","slug":"why-we-revised-our-estimates-for-2010","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/why-we-revised-our-estimates-for-2010\/","is_active":false},{"id":260611,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"global-religious-change-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/global-religious-change-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":260613,"title":"Methodology","slug":"global-religious-change-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/global-religious-change-methodology\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_3pi6z37oo","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf","label":"Report PDF","attachmentId":261693},{"key":"_t509pgqtr","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_appendix-a.pdf","label":"Appendix A: Sources","icon":"link"},{"key":"_d2dnc5rqw","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/06\/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_appendix-b.pdf","label":"Appendix B: Religious composition table","icon":"link"},{"key":"_2pwbpkp0p","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/feature\/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2020\/","label":"Interactive table: Religious composition by country, 2010-2020","icon":"link"},{"type":"dataset","id":2763,"label":"Dataset of Global Religious Composition Estimates for 2010 and 2020","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/dataset-of-global-religious-composition-estimates-for-2010-and-2020\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":260455,"title":"10. 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Religion in Europe","slug":"religion-in-europe","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-europe\/","is_active":true,"page_num":11},{"id":260457,"title":"11. Religion in Latin America and the Caribbean","slug":"religion-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean\/","is_active":false,"page_num":12},{"id":260459,"title":"12. Religion in the Middle East and North Africa","slug":"religion-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/religion-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa\/","is_active":false,"page_num":13},{"id":260490,"title":"13. 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Why we revised our estimates for 2010","slug":"why-we-revised-our-estimates-for-2010","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/why-we-revised-our-estimates-for-2010\/","is_active":false,"page_num":16},{"id":260611,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"global-religious-change-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/global-religious-change-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":17},{"id":260613,"title":"Methodology","slug":"global-religious-change-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2025\/06\/09\/global-religious-change-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":18}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020","parent_id":260333},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"Hackett, Conrad, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Fengyan Shi and Dalia Fahmy. 2025. \"How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020.\" Pew Research Center. doi: 10.58094\/fj71-ny11.","prc_seo_data":{"title":"How religious groups' sizes changed in Europe, 2010-2020","description":"Christians are still a majority in Europe but disaffiliation thinned the Christian population from 2010 to 2020, according to Pew Research Center.","og_title":"10. 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