The American Trends Panel Wave 164 survey methodology<\/h3>\n\n\n\nOverview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Data in this report comes from Wave 164 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center\u2019s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. The survey was conducted from Feb. 24 to March 2, 2025. A total of 5,123 panelists responded out of 5,737 who were sampled, for a survey-level response rate of 89%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 3%. The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is 1%. The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 5,123 respondents is plus or minus 1.5 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The survey includes an oversample<\/a> of non-Hispanic Asian adults in order to provide more precise estimates of the opinions and experiences of these smaller demographic subgroups. These oversampled groups are weighted back to reflect their correct proportions in the population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n SSRS conducted the survey for Pew Research Center via online (n=4,939) and live telephone (n=184) interviewing. Interviews were conducted in both English and Spanish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To learn more about the ATP, read \u201cAbout the American Trends Panel<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Since 2018, the ATP has used address-based sampling (ABS) for recruitment. A study cover letter and a pre-incentive are mailed to a stratified, random sample of households selected from the U.S. Postal Service\u2019s Computerized Delivery Sequence File. This Postal Service file has been estimated to cover 90% to 98% of the population. [1. AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling. 2016. \u201cAAPOR Report: Address-based Sampling<\/a>.\u201d.] Within each sampled household, the adult with the next birthday is selected to participate. Other details of the ABS recruitment protocol have changed over time but are available upon request. [2. Email pewsurveys@pewresearch.org<\/a>.] Prior to 2018, the ATP was recruited using landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys administered in English and Spanish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A national sample of U.S. adults has been recruited to the ATP approximately once per year since 2014. In some years, the recruitment has included additional efforts (known as an \u201coversample\u201d) to improve the accuracy of data for underrepresented groups. For example, Hispanic adults, Black adults and Asian adults were oversampled in 2019, 2022 and 2023, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The overall target population for this survey was noninstitutionalized persons ages 18 and older living in the United States. It featured a stratified random sample from the ATP in which non-Hispanic Asian adults were selected with certainty. The remaining panelists were sampled at rates designed to ensure that the share of respondents in each stratum is proportional to its share of the U.S. adult population to the greatest extent possible. Respondent weights are adjusted to account for differential probabilities of selection as described in the Weighting section below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with SSRS. The web program used for online respondents was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices by the SSRS project team and Pew Research Center researchers. The SSRS project team also populated test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n All respondents were offered a post-paid incentive for their participation. Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or gift code to Amazon.com, Target.com or Walmart.com. Incentive amounts ranged from $5 to $20 depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is harder or easier to reach. Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The data collection field period for this survey was Feb. 24 to March 2, 2025. Surveys were conducted via self-administered web survey or by live telephone interviewing. <\/p>\n\n\n\n For panelists who take surveys online:<\/strong>[3. The ATP does not use routers or chains in any part of its online data collection protocol, nor are they used to direct respondents to additional surveys.] Postcard notifications were mailed to a subset on Feb. 24.[4. Postcard notifications for web panelists are sent to 1) panelists who were recruited within the last two years and 2) panelists recruited prior to the last two years who opt to continue receiving postcard notifications.] Survey invitations were sent out in two separate launches: soft launch and full launch. Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with an initial invitation sent on Feb. 24. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled online panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on Feb 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Panelists participating online were sent an email invitation and up to two email reminders if they did not respond to the survey. ATP panelists who consented to SMS messages were sent an SMS invitation with a link to the survey and up to two SMS reminders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n For panelists who take surveys over the phone with a live interviewer:<\/strong> Prenotification postcards were mailed on Feb. 21, 2025. Soft launch took place on Feb. 24, 2025, and involved dialing until a total of 3 interviews had been completed. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled phone panelists\u2019 numbers were dialed throughout the remaining field period. Panelists who take surveys via phone can receive up to six calls from trained SSRS interviewers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To ensure high-quality data, Center researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing patterns of satisficing. This includes checking for whether respondents left questions blank at very high rates or always selected the first or last answer presented. As a result of this checking, two ATP respondents were removed from the survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The ATP data is weighted in a process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the panel survey process. First, each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of recruitment into the panel. These weights are then calibrated to align with the population benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys and panel attrition. If only a subsample of panelists was invited to participate in the wave, this weight is adjusted to account for any differential probabilities of selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Among the panelists who completed the survey, this weight is then calibrated again to align with the population benchmarks identified in the accompanying table and trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights. Sampling errors and tests of statistical significance take into account the effect of weighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The following table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request. In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Data in this report comes from Wave 166 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center\u2019s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. The survey was conducted from March 24 to March 30, 2025. A total of 3,605 panelists responded out of 4,045 who were sampled, for a survey-level response rate of 89%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 3%. The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is 1%. The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 3,605 respondents is plus or minus 1.9 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The survey includes oversample<\/a> of Jewish, Muslim and non-Hispanic Asian adults in order to provide more precise estimates of the opinions and experiences of these smaller demographic subgroups. These oversampled groups are weighted back to reflect their correct proportions in the population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n SSRS conducted the survey for Pew Research Center via online (n=3,460) and live telephone (n=145) interviewing. Interviews were conducted in both English and Spanish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To learn more about the ATP, read \u201cAbout the American Trends Panel<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Since 2018, the ATP has used address-based sampling (ABS) for recruitment. A study cover letter and a pre-incentive are mailed to a stratified, random sample of households selected from the U.S. Postal Service\u2019s Computerized Delivery Sequence File. This Postal Service file has been estimated to cover 90% to 98% of the population.[5. AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling. 2016. \u201cAAPOR Report: Address-based Sampling<\/a>.\u201d] Within each sampled household, the adult with the next birthday is selected to participate. Other details of the ABS recruitment protocol have changed over time but are available upon request.[6. Email pewsurveys@pewresearch.org<\/a>.] Prior to 2018, the ATP was recruited using landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys administered in English and Spanish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A national sample of U.S. adults has been recruited to the ATP approximately once per year since 2014. In some years, the recruitment has included additional efforts (known as an \u201coversample\u201d) to improve the accuracy of data for underrepresented groups. For example, Hispanic adults, Black adults and Asian adults were oversampled in 2019, 2022 and 2023, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The overall target population for this survey was noninstitutionalized persons ages 18 and older living in the United States. It featured a stratified random sample from the ATP in which Jewish, Muslim and non-Hispanic Asian adults were selected with certainty. The remaining panelists were sampled at rates designed to ensure that the share of respondents in each stratum is proportional to its share of the U.S. adult population to the greatest extent possible. Respondent weights are adjusted to account for differential probabilities of selection as described in the Weighting section below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with SSRS. The web program used for online respondents was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices by the SSRS project team and Pew Research Center researchers. The SSRS project team also populated test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n All respondents were offered a post-paid incentive for their participation. Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or gift code to Amazon.com, Target.com or Walmart.com. Incentive amounts ranged from $5 to $20 depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is harder or easier to reach. Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The data collection field period for this survey was March 24 to March 30, 2025. Surveys were conducted via self-administered web survey or by live telephone interviewing. <\/p>\n\n\n\n For panelists who take surveys online:<\/strong>[7. The ATP does not use routers or chains in any part of its online data collection protocol, nor are they used to direct respondents to additional surveys.] Postcard notifications were mailed to a subset<\/a> on March 24.[8. Postcard notifications for web panelists are sent to 1) panelists who were recruited within the last two years and 2) panelists recruited prior to the last two years who opt to continue receiving postcard notifications.] Survey invitations were sent out in two separate launches: soft launch and full launch. Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with an initial invitation sent on March 24. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled online panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on March 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Panelists participating online were sent an email invitation and up to two email reminders if they did not respond to the survey. ATP panelists who consented to SMS messages were sent an SMS invitation with a link to the survey and up to two SMS reminders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n For panelists who take surveys over the phone with a live interviewer:<\/strong> Prenotification postcards were mailed on March 21. Soft launch took place on March 24 and involved dialing until a total of five interviews had been completed. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled phone panelists\u2019 numbers were dialed throughout the remaining field period. Panelists who take surveys via phone can receive up to six calls from trained SSRS interviewers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To ensure high-quality data, Center researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing patterns of satisficing. This includes checking for whether respondents left questions blank at very high rates or always selected the first or last answer presented. As a result of this checking, three ATP respondents were removed from the survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The ATP data is weighted in a process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the panel survey process. First, each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of recruitment into the panel. These weights are then calibrated to align with the population benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys and panel attrition. If only a subsample of panelists was invited to participate in the wave, this weight is adjusted to account for any differential probabilities of selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Among the panelists who completed the survey, this weight is then calibrated again to align with the population benchmarks identified in the accompanying table and trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights. Sampling errors and tests of statistical significance take into account the effect of weighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The following table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request. In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n About Pew Research Center\u2019s Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey Results for the survey are based on telephone, face-to-face and online interviews conducted under the direction of Gallup, Langer Research Associates, Social Research Centre and Verian. The results are based on national samples, unless otherwise noted. Here are more details about our international survey methodology and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":648,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","bylines":[],"acknowledgements":[],"displayBylines":true,"prc_watchers":[],"relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0,"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[103,330,26],"tags":[],"bylines":[2368,624,555,849],"collection":[],"datasets":[2776,2789],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[507,516,513,510,505,512,511,515],"research-teams":[525],"workflow-status":[],"class_list":["post-223443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-free-speech-press","category-freedom-of-the-press","category-international-affairs","bylines-andrew-prozorovsky","bylines-jacob-poushter","bylines-maria-smerkovich","bylines-moira-fagan","datasets-american-trends-panel-wave-145","datasets-spring-2024-survey-data","formats-report","regions-countries-asia-pacific","regions-countries-europe-russia","regions-countries-latin-america","regions-countries-middle-east-north-africa","regions-countries-multiple-regions-worldwide","regions-countries-north-america","regions-countries-sub-saharan-africa","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-global"],"label":false,"post_parent":223382,"word_count":2362,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/methodology-free-speech\/","art_direction":{"A2":{"id":223712,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"(PeopleImages\/Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"XL":{"id":223712,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"caption":"(PeopleImages\/Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"A3":{"id":223712,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"caption":"(PeopleImages\/Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"A4":{"id":223712,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"caption":"(PeopleImages\/Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"A1":{"id":223712,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"caption":"(PeopleImages\/Getty Images)","chartArt":false},"social":{"id":223712,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/PG_25.03.03_FreeSpeech_featured@2x.png?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"caption":"(PeopleImages\/Getty Images)","chartArt":false}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":223382,"title":"Free Expression Seen as Important Globally, but Not Everyone Thinks Their Country Has Press, Speech and Internet Freedoms","slug":"free-expression-seen-as-important-globally-but-not-everyone-thinks-their-country-has-press-speech-and-internet-freedoms","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/free-expression-seen-as-important-globally-but-not-everyone-thinks-their-country-has-press-speech-and-internet-freedoms\/","is_active":false},{"id":223387,"title":"1. Widespread global public concern about made-up news","slug":"widespread-global-public-concern-about-made-up-news","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/widespread-global-public-concern-about-made-up-news\/","is_active":false},{"id":223390,"title":"2. Importance of press freedom, free speech and freedom on the internet","slug":"importance-of-press-freedom-free-speech-and-freedom-on-the-internet","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/importance-of-press-freedom-free-speech-and-freedom-on-the-internet\/","is_active":false},{"id":223400,"title":"3. How people rate press, speech and internet freedoms in their country","slug":"how-people-rate-press-speech-and-internet-freedoms-in-their-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/how-people-rate-press-speech-and-internet-freedoms-in-their-country\/","is_active":false},{"id":223405,"title":"4. Freedom gaps","slug":"freedom-gaps","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/freedom-gaps\/","is_active":false},{"id":223411,"title":"Appendix: Economic categorization of high- and middle-income countries","slug":"appendix-economic-categorization-of-high-and-middle-income-countries","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/appendix-economic-categorization-of-high-and-middle-income-countries\/","is_active":false},{"id":223415,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"acknowledgments-free-speech","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/acknowledgments-free-speech\/","is_active":false},{"id":223443,"title":"Methodology","slug":"methodology-free-speech","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/methodology-free-speech\/","is_active":true}],"report_materials":[{"key":"_eofapmtrs","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_report.pdf","label":"Report PDF","attachmentId":223722},{"key":"_el13rx19q","type":"topline","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_topline.pdf","label":"Topline","attachmentId":223725},{"key":"_v1b8taqrz","type":"questionnaire","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_questionnaire-combined.pdf","label":"Questionnaire","attachmentId":225214},{"type":"dataset","id":2776,"label":"American Trends Panel Wave 145","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/american-trends-panel-wave-145\/"},{"type":"dataset","id":2789,"label":"Spring 2024 Survey Data","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/spring-2024-survey-data\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":223443,"title":"Methodology","slug":"methodology-free-speech","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/methodology-free-speech\/","is_active":true,"page_num":8},"next_post":null,"previous_post":{"id":223415,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"acknowledgments-free-speech","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/acknowledgments-free-speech\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},"pagination_items":[{"id":223382,"title":"Free Expression Seen as Important Globally, but Not Everyone Thinks Their Country Has Press, Speech and Internet Freedoms","slug":"free-expression-seen-as-important-globally-but-not-everyone-thinks-their-country-has-press-speech-and-internet-freedoms","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/free-expression-seen-as-important-globally-but-not-everyone-thinks-their-country-has-press-speech-and-internet-freedoms\/","is_active":false,"page_num":1},{"id":223387,"title":"1. Widespread global public concern about made-up news","slug":"widespread-global-public-concern-about-made-up-news","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/widespread-global-public-concern-about-made-up-news\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":223390,"title":"2. Importance of press freedom, free speech and freedom on the internet","slug":"importance-of-press-freedom-free-speech-and-freedom-on-the-internet","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/importance-of-press-freedom-free-speech-and-freedom-on-the-internet\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":223400,"title":"3. How people rate press, speech and internet freedoms in their country","slug":"how-people-rate-press-speech-and-internet-freedoms-in-their-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/how-people-rate-press-speech-and-internet-freedoms-in-their-country\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":223405,"title":"4. Freedom gaps","slug":"freedom-gaps","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/freedom-gaps\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":223411,"title":"Appendix: Economic categorization of high- and middle-income countries","slug":"appendix-economic-categorization-of-high-and-middle-income-countries","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/appendix-economic-categorization-of-high-and-middle-income-countries\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":223415,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"acknowledgments-free-speech","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/acknowledgments-free-speech\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":223443,"title":"Methodology","slug":"methodology-free-speech","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/global\/2025\/04\/24\/methodology-free-speech\/","is_active":true,"page_num":8}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"Free Expression Seen as Important Globally, but Not Everyone Thinks Their Country Has Press, Speech and Internet Freedoms","parent_id":223382},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Methodology","description":"About Pew Research Center\u2019s Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey Results for the survey are based on telephone, face-to-face and online interviews conducted under the direction of Gallup, Langer Research Associates,…","og_title":"Methodology","og_description":"About Pew Research Center\u2019s Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey Results for the survey are based on telephone, face-to-face and online interviews conducted under the direction of Gallup, Langer Research Associates,…","schema_type":"Article","noindex":false,"canonical_url":"","primary_terms":{"category":26,"formats":458,"regions-countries":505,"research-teams":525},"custom_schema":[],"og_image":223712,"indexnow_submitted_at":null,"gsc_index_status":null},"prepublish_checks":{"prc-image-alt-text":{"status":"incomplete","message":"10 images are missing alt text.","data":{"count":10}},"prc-about-this-research":{"status":"incomplete","message":"Add an \"About this research\" details block.","data":null},"prc-paragraph-count":{"status":"complete","message":"Found 39 paragraphs.","data":{"count":39}},"prc-internal-link":{"status":"complete","message":"Found 15 internal links.","data":{"count":15}}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"relatedPostsOrdered":[],"bylinesOrdered":[],"acknowledgementsOrdered":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223443","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/648"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=223443"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223443\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":224518,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223443\/revisions\/224518"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=223443"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"bylines","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/bylines?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"collection","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/collection?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"datasets","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/datasets?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"level_of_effort","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/level_of_effort?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"primary_audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/primary_audience?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"information_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/information_type?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"_post_visibility","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_post_visibility?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"formats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/formats?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"_fund_pool","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_fund_pool?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/languages?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"regions-countries","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/regions-countries?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"research-teams","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-teams?post=223443"},{"taxonomy":"workflow-status","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/workflow-status?post=223443"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Panel recruitment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Sample design<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Questionnaire development and testing<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Incentives<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Data collection protocol<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_m_01.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nData quality checks<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Weighting<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_m_02.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_m_03.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nDispositions and response rates<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_m_04.png?w=640\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_m_05.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nThe American Trends Panel Wave 166 survey methodology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Overview<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Panel recruitment<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/a>Sample design<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Questionnaire development and testing<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Incentives<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Data collection protocol<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_m_06.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nData quality checks<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Weighting<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_m_07.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_m_08.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nDispositions and response rates<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_m_09.png?w=640\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2025\/04\/pg_2025.04.24_free-speech_m_10.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"