{"id":195920,"date":"2024-12-18T09:51:33","date_gmt":"2024-12-18T14:53:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=195920"},"modified":"2026-07-09T18:20:04","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T22:20:04","slug":"restrictions-in-the-25-most-populous-countries-in-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/12\/18\/restrictions-in-the-25-most-populous-countries-in-2022\/","title":{"rendered":"4. Restrictions in the 25 most populous countries in 2022"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

This chapter examines government restrictions and social hostilities in the world\u2019s 25 most populous countries.[11. numoffset=”11″ The population figures used for this report are estimates for 2020 that were published in the 2022 revision of the UN Population Division\u2019s \u201cWorld Population Prospects<\/a>.\u201d] Looking separately at these populous countries \u2013 which are home to about three-quarters of the world\u2019s population \u2013 allows us to see how government restrictions and social hostilities impact a large portion of the world\u2019s population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While each country has a national score on the Government Restrictions Index (GRI) and Social Hostilities Index (SHI), it is important to note that the restrictions measured on these indexes don\u2019t affect all inhabitants in a country equally. For example, restrictions can often target minority groups more than majority groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2022, among the 25 most populous countries, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Iran and Nigeria had the highest<\/strong> overall levels of restrictions <\/strong>(meaning, combined government restrictions and social hostilities scores for a country). Japan, South Africa, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Democratic Republic of the Congo had the lowest overall levels of restrictions<\/strong> among these countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Government Restrictions Index (GRI)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

China, Egypt, Iran, Indonesia and Russia had the highest levels of government restrictions among the most populous countries, with all five scoring in the \u201cvery high\u201d GRI category. Japan, South Africa, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the UK had the lowest levels of government restrictions among this set of countries. Japan and South Africa were in the \u201clow\u201d category on the GRI, while the other three countries were in the \u201cmoderate\u201d range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Social Hostilities Index (SHI)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 2022, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt and Bangladesh had the highest levels of social hostilities among the 25 most populous countries. All of these countries had \u201cvery high\u201d SHI scores except for Bangladesh (which had a \u201chigh\u201d score). Meanwhile, China, Japan, the U.S., South Africa and Vietnam had the lowest SHI scores. South Africa and Vietnam were in the \u201cmoderate\u201d SHI category, while the other three countries were in the \u201clow\u201d range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In seven of these 25 countries, the GRI and SHI scores fell into the same exact categories.<\/strong> For example, Egypt had \u201cvery high\u201d scores on both<\/em> the GRI and SHI; Bangladesh had \u201chigh\u201d levels of both government restrictions and social hostilities; and the Democratic Republic of the Congo had \u201cmoderate\u201d scores on both indexes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, a few of the 25 most populous countries had \u201chigh\u201d GRI scores but \u201cmoderate\u201d or \u201clow\u201d SHI scores. China, for example, had \u201cvery high\u201d levels of government restrictions but \u201clow\u201d levels of social hostilities in 2022, as it did the previous year. Vietnam and Turkey had \u201cvery high\u201d levels of government restrictions in 2022 (both up from \u201chigh\u201d GRI scores in 2021) and \u201cmoderate\u201d levels of social hostilities. And Russia had a \u201cvery high\u201d GRI score but \u201cmoderate\u201d levels of social hostilities in 2022. For more information about how GRI and SHI scores correspond for other countries, refer to this report\u2019s Overview<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How GRI scores changed from 2021 to 2022<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Most populous countries had a small change (i.e., of less than 1.0 point) in their GRI scores in 2022. Only the Democratic Republic of the Congo had a modest increase (i.e., of 1.0 to 1.9 points) in its GRI score, which shifted the country from the \u201clow\u201d category to the \u201cmoderate\u201d range of the GRI. None of the world\u2019s 25 most populous countries had a large change (i.e., of 2.0 points or more) on the index.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, even small changes on the index pushed some countries into different categories. For example, the GRI score for the Philippines rose from 2.2 to 2.9, moving it from the \u201clow\u201d to the \u201cmoderate\u201d level. The small increase was partly due to reports that the Philippine government sought to arrest more religious people perceived to be threats<\/a>. For example, in August 2022, authorities issued an arrest warrant for 16 members of the Rural Missionaries of the Philippines for sending funds to the armed wing of the country\u2019s Communist Party. It was unclear whether the charges were legitimate, according to the U.S. State Department, which reported that the government engaged in a practice \u2013 known as \u201cred-tagging\u201d \u2013 of publicly associating critics of the government with insurgent, terrorist or separatist groups in an effort to discredit them. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How SHI scores changed from 2021 to 2022<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In 2022, a majority of the world\u2019s 25 most populous countries had small changes in their SHI scores. Five countries had modest changes, and one country \u2013 Iran \u2013 had a large increase in social hostilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Italy had a small change in its SHI score, from 3.1 to 3.7, enough to shift it from the \u201cmoderate\u201d to the \u201chigh\u201d category. This was partly due to new reports of recruitment to religion-related terrorist groups within the country. In June, a married couple in Italy was arrested for planning an attack \u201con behalf of\u201d the militant group ISIS<\/a>, according to the U.S. State Department. The couple was reported to have been \u201cradicalized to violence online\u201d and was charged with \u201crecruitment, association, and training for the purpose of terrorism.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iran\u2019s SHI score went up from 2.8 to 5.6 in 2022, moving it from the \u201cmoderate\u201d to the \u201chigh\u201d SHI category. For more information on incidents that led to Iran\u2019s SHI change and on other countries that had large changes (outside of the 25 most populous), go to Chapter 1<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chart<\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In 2022, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Iran and Nigeria had the highest overall levels of restrictions on religion, among the 25 most populous countries.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":675,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"","sub_title":"","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[],"reportMaterials":[],"multiSectionReport":[],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"","datacite_doi_citation":"","_prc_seo_qr_attachment_id":0,"spoken_article_player_enabled":true,"displayBylines":true,"footnotes":"","prc_watchers":[],"_prc_fork_parent":0,"_prc_fork_status":"","_prc_active_fork":0},"categories":[412,84,168],"tags":[],"bylines":[899],"datasets":[2856],"level_of_effort":[],"primary_audience":[],"information_type":[],"_post_visibility":[],"formats":[458],"_fund_pool":[],"languages":[],"regions-countries":[514,505,515],"research-teams":[517],"workflow-status":[],"collection":[],"class_list":["post-195920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project","category-religion_government-3","category-religious-freedom-restrictions","bylines-samirah-majumdar","datasets-dataset-global-restrictions-on-religion-2007-2022","formats-report","regions-countries-international","regions-countries-multiple-regions-worldwide","regions-countries-united-states","research-teams-religion"],"label":false,"post_parent":196026,"word_count":881,"canonical_url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/12\/18\/restrictions-in-the-25-most-populous-countries-in-2022\/","art_direction":{"A1":{"id":196321,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_topic.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_topic.png?w=564&h=317&crop=1","width":564,"height":317,"chartArt":false,"caption":""},"A2":{"id":196319,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_crop.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_crop.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":true,"caption":""},"A3":{"id":196319,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_crop.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_crop.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1","width":194,"height":110,"chartArt":true,"caption":""},"A4":{"id":196319,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_crop.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_crop.png?w=268&h=151&crop=1","width":268,"height":151,"chartArt":true,"caption":""},"XL":{"id":196321,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_topic.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_topic.png?w=720&h=405&crop=1","width":720,"height":405,"chartArt":false,"caption":""},"social":{"id":196320,"rawUrl":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_featured.png","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/12\/PR_2024.12.18_restrictions-on-religion-2022_featured.png?w=1200&h=628&crop=1","width":1200,"height":628,"chartArt":false,"caption":""}},"_embeds":[],"watchers":[],"table_of_contents":[{"id":196026,"title":"Government Restrictions on Religion Stayed at Peak Levels Globally in 2022","slug":"government-restrictions-on-religion-stayed-at-peak-levels-globally-in-2022","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/12\/18\/government-restrictions-on-religion-stayed-at-peak-levels-globally-in-2022\/","is_active":false},{"id":195897,"title":"1. Number of countries with \u2018very high\u2019 government restrictions increases in 2022","slug":"number-of-countries-with-very-high-government-restrictions-increases-in-2022","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/12\/18\/number-of-countries-with-very-high-government-restrictions-increases-in-2022\/","is_active":false},{"id":195993,"title":"2. Number of countries where religious groups were harassed reached new peak level in 2022","slug":"number-of-countries-where-religious-groups-were-harassed-reached-new-peak-level-in-2022","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/12\/18\/number-of-countries-where-religious-groups-were-harassed-reached-new-peak-level-in-2022\/","is_active":false},{"id":195916,"title":"3. 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Restrictions in the 25 most populous countries in 2022","slug":"restrictions-in-the-25-most-populous-countries-in-2022","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/12\/18\/restrictions-in-the-25-most-populous-countries-in-2022\/","is_active":true,"page_num":5},{"id":196069,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"restrictions-on-religion-2022-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/12\/18\/restrictions-on-religion-2022-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":196071,"title":"Methodology","slug":"restrictions-on-religion-2022-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/12\/18\/restrictions-on-religion-2022-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"Government Restrictions on Religion Stayed at Peak Levels Globally in 2022","parent_id":196026},"materialsOrdered":[],"chaptersOrdered":[],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"Majumdar, Samirah. 2024. \"Government Restrictions on Religion Stayed at Peak Levels Globally in 2022.\" Pew Research Center. doi: 10.58094\/jkce-kx19.","prc_seo_data":{"title":"Restrictions on religion in the world\u2019s 25 most populous places, 2022","description":"In 2022, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Iran and Nigeria had the highest overall levels of restrictions on religion, among the 25 most populous countries.","og_title":"4. 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