{"id":184354,"date":"2024-08-19T09:45:39","date_gmt":"2024-08-19T13:45:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=184354"},"modified":"2025-08-14T11:27:08","modified_gmt":"2025-08-14T15:27:08","slug":"hindu-migrants-around-the-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/hindu-migrants-around-the-world\/","title":{"rendered":"6. Hindu migrants around the world"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"who-are-migrants\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;who-are-migrants&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>Who are migrants?<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The United Nations counts <strong>international migrants<\/strong> as people of any age who live outside their country (or in some cases, territory) of birth \u2013 regardless of their motives for migrating, their length of residence or their legal status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to naturalized citizens and permanent residents, the UN\u2019s international migrant numbers include asylum-seekers and refugees, as well as people without official residence documents. The UN also includes some people who live in a country temporarily \u2013 like some students and guest workers \u2013 but it does not include short-term visitors like tourists, nor does it typically include military forces deployed abroad.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For brevity, this report refers to international migrants simply as <strong>migrants. <\/strong>Occasionally, we use the term <strong>immigrants<\/strong> to differentiate migrants living in a <em>destination country<\/em> from <strong>emigrants<\/strong> who have left an <em>origin country<\/em>. Every person who is living outside of his or her country of birth is all three \u2013 a migrant, an immigrant and an emigrant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The analysis in this report focuses on existing <strong>stocks<\/strong> of international migrants \u2013 all people who now live outside their birth country, no matter when they left. We do not estimate migration <strong>flows<\/strong> \u2013 how many people move across borders in any single year.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hindu migrants make up a small share of all international migrants (5%), with 13 million Hindus living outside their country of birth, as of 2020. Hindus are underrepresented among international migrants compared with their share of the global population (15%).[18. numoffset=&#8221;18&#8243; This report presents interim estimates of the overall population in each religious group (including migrants and nonmigrants) using data from three Pew Research Center studies: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/04\/02\/religious-projections-2010-2050\/\">The Future of World Religions<\/a>\u201d (projections of religious composition to the year 2020 published in 2015), \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/09\/13\/modeling-the-future-of-religion-in-america\/\">Modeling the Future of Religion in America<\/a>\u201d (2022) and \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/08\/30\/measuring-religion-in-china\/\">Measuring Religion in China<\/a>\u201d (2023). In the future, the Center will produce new estimates of the overall size of religious groups in 2020, based on data sources that have become available in recent years. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-migrants-methodology\/\">Methodology<\/a> for details.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hindus, on average, travel longer distances from origin to destination countries than any of the other groups in this analysis, including Buddhists \u2013 who also mostly originate from Asia. Hindu migrants move an average of 3,100 miles from their country of origin, compared with an average of 2,200 miles among migrants overall.[19. Distances are calculated based on countries\u2019 geographic centers, and migrants from larger countries are estimated to travel more miles on average than those from smaller countries. The relatively long distance traveled by Hindu migrants is due partially to the fact that they mostly come from India, the world\u2019s seventh-largest country by area.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=184492\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e6ebec\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e6ebec;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-01.png?resize=480,284 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-01.png?resize=782,463 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-01.png?resize=960,569 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-01.png?resize=1200,711 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-01.png?resize=1280,758 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"379\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-01.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Bubble chart showing the regions where Hindu migrants now live and where they came from\" class=\"wp-image-184492 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many Hindu migrants live in the Asia-Pacific region (44%). The next most common destinations for Hindu migrants are the Middle East-North Africa region (24%) and North America (22%). About 8% of Hindu migrants live in Europe, and very few live in Latin America or sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asia-Pacific is their most common region of origin: Virtually all Hindu migrants (95%) were born in this area. Small shares of Hindu migrants come from sub-Saharan Africa (2%) and Europe (1%), and even fewer were born in the Middle East-North Africa or the Americas.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;destinations&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"destinations\">Destinations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India, where Hindus <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/09\/21\/religious-composition-of-india\/\">form a religious majority<\/a>, is the leading destination for Hindu migrants. Fully 22% of Hindu migrants (3 million) have moved to India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=184493\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f0eee7\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f0eee7;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-02.png?resize=480,551 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-02.png?resize=782,897 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-02.png?resize=840,964 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"482\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-02.png?w=840\" alt=\"Bar chart showing the top 10 destinations of Hindu migrants\" class=\"wp-image-184493 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This dynamic \u2013 like other patterns in this chapter that describe movement of Hindus in and out of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh \u2013 is largely the result of India\u2019s Partition at the end of British rule. In 1947, the Indian subcontinent was divided into majority-Hindu India and majority-Muslim Pakistan. In 1971, Bangladesh separated from Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result of this redrawing of borders, millions of Hindus who were living in what became Pakistan and Bangladesh moved to what is now India, while millions of Muslims who were living in what is now India moved to modern-day Pakistan or Bangladesh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For decades after that, the number of Hindu migrants living in India remained high, though it has been declining recently as the generation of Hindus who moved during Partition gradually dies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Outside India, the United States has the most foreign-born Hindus (2.6 million), accounting for 19% of them. Other popular destinations for Hindu migrants include the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, where they are often temporary workers, though many routinely renew their work permits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The only countries aside from India in which Hindus are the largest group of migrants are Nepal and Bhutan. However, these countries have relatively small populations overall, and they are not among the top destinations for Hindu migrants. And only one of India\u2019s neighboring countries, Pakistan, is among the top 10 destinations for Hindu migrants (940,000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;origins&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"origins\">Origins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India, the world\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/02\/09\/key-facts-as-india-surpasses-china-as-the-worlds-most-populous-country\/\">second-most populous country in 2020<\/a>, is by far the leading source of Hindu migrants, with 7.6 million Hindus born in India now living elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=184494\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2f1ee\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2f1ee;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-03.png?resize=480,559 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-03.png?resize=782,910 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-03.png?resize=840,978 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"489\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-03.png?w=840\" alt=\"Bar chart showing the top 10 origins of Hindu migrants\" class=\"wp-image-184494 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But Hindus are less likely to leave India than they are to leave many places where they are a religious minority. Even though India is home to 94% of the world\u2019s Hindus, it is the source of only 57% of the world\u2019s Hindu migrants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bangladesh \u2013 a majority Muslim country \u2013 is the second-most common origin of Hindu migrants. About 1.6 million Hindus born in Bangladesh now live elsewhere, accounting for 12% of all Hindu migrants. (Bangladesh was part of India before the 1947 Partition.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nepal \u2013 whose large Hindu population is <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2012\/12\/18\/global-religious-landscape-hindu\/#:~:text=Hindus%20form%20a%20majority%20in,to%20live%20as%20a%20majority.\">second only to India\u2019s<\/a> \u2013 is the third-most common source of Hindu migrants. About 1.5 million, or 11% of Hindu migrants, were born in Nepal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pakistan, India\u2019s Muslim-majority neighbor, is the fourth-most common birthplace of Hindu migrants. (Like Bangladesh, Pakistan was part of British-controlled India before Partition.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hindus are far more likely to have left Bangladesh and Pakistan than they are to have left India or Nepal. Hindus form a small minority of the overall population in Bangladesh (8%) and Pakistan (2%), but they make up 21% and 8% of international migrants from those countries, respectively. On the other hand, Hindus form large majorities in India (79%) and Nepal (81%), but they make up only 41% and 56%, respectively, of migrants <em>leaving<\/em> those places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;country-pairs&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"country-pairs\">Country pairs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most popular pathway for Hindu migrants around the world is to move from India to the U.S. About 1.8 million Hindus have taken this route, making up 61% of all Indian immigrants in the U.S. as of 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=184495\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2f0ea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2f0ea;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-04.png?resize=480,493 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-04.png?resize=782,802 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-04.png?resize=840,862 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"431\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-04.png?w=840\" alt=\"Bar chart showing op 10 routes of Hindu migrants\" class=\"wp-image-184495 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like other Indian immigrants, many Hindus arrive in the U.S. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/article\/indian-immigrants-united-states\">for employment and family reunification<\/a>. They often have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/international\/2023\/06\/12\/indias-diaspora-is-bigger-and-more-influential-than-any-in-history\">higher levels of education and higher family incomes<\/a> than those who remain in India. The second-most common route for Hindu migrants is from Bangladesh to India. Nearly 1.6 million Hindus born in Bangladesh now live in India, and many of them were part of the mass migration following the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-south-asia-62467438\">1947 Partition of India<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) \u2013 Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE \u2013 were considered a single destination, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2346486\/world\">move from India to the GCC<\/a> would be by far the most common one for Hindus. Roughly 3 million Hindus from India live in GCC countries, where foreign workers comprise half or more of the area\u2019s workforce. (Read \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/geographic-spotlights-a-closer-look-at-4-migration-stories\/#spotlight-on-the-gulf-cooperation-council-countries\">Spotlight on the Gulf Cooperation Council countries<\/a>\u201d for more.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;change-since-1990&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"change-since-1990\">Change since 1990<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The total stock of Hindu migrants living around the world increased from 9.1 million in 1990 to 13.5 million in 2020 (up 48%). But Hindu migrants grew less than migrants overall (up 83%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-200-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=184496\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f1f2f1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f1f2f1;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-05.png?resize=400,1120 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"560\" width=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_6-05.png?w=366\" alt=\"Line chart showing Hindu migrants are now less likely to live in Asia\" class=\"wp-image-184496 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While Hindus have consistently made up between 5% and 6% of the international migrant population during these decades, their regional patterns have changed considerably. In 1990, nearly eight-in-ten Hindu immigrants lived in the Asia-Pacific region. By 2020, that share had dropped to less than half.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This change is partly because many migrants who moved during Partition had died by 2020. Three decades earlier, about 4 million Hindus who had been born in Pakistan or Bangladesh were residing in India. By 2020, the number had roughly halved, to 2.1 million.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, the number of Hindu migrants living in other parts of the world has grown steadily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Middle East-North Africa region, the number of foreign-born Hindus increased from roughly 0.7 million in 1990 to 3.3 million in 2020 (up 387%). This includes many who moved to GCC countries for work. Of the six GCC countries, Qatar saw the most growth in percentage terms: The number of Hindu migrants there rose more than 24,000%, from around 1,000 in 1990 to 290,000 in 2020. In sheer numbers, the UAE saw the steepest increase among the GCC countries; the number of Hindu migrants there grew from 140,000 to 1.1 million (up 673%) during this timespan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">North America also saw a sharp rise in Hindu migrants over this period, from 0.8 million to 3.0 million (a 267% increase). This was driven primarily by a rise in the number of India-born Hindus living in the U.S., from 0.3 million to 1.8 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within the Asia-Pacific region, the stock of Hindu migrants living in Malaysia grew more than 15 times, from 30,000 to 470,000 (an increase of over 1,700%). This was driven primarily by migrant workers from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mideq.org\/en\/resources-index-page\/nepal-brief\/\">Nepal<\/a> who arrived in search of jobs. In 2020, Malaysia was the seventh-largest destination for Hindu migrants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Refer to our \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/geographic-spotlights-a-closer-look-at-4-migration-stories\">Geographic spotlights<\/a>\u201d section for in-depth analyses of migration in India and the GCC countries<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hindus make up just 5% of all migrants. 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