{"id":184303,"date":"2024-08-19T09:45:39","date_gmt":"2024-08-19T13:45:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=184303"},"modified":"2026-07-09T18:17:35","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T22:17:35","slug":"the-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/the-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants\/","title":{"rendered":"The Religious Composition of the World\u2019s Migrants"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"christians-are-the-largest-migrant-group-but-jews-are-most-likely-to-have-migrated\" class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-sub-title\">Christians are the largest migrant group, but Jews are most likely to have migrated<\/h2>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-640-wide\"><img data-dominant-color=\"524b4c\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #524b4c;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religoius-composition-migrants_featured.jpg?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religoius-composition-migrants_featured.jpg?resize=782,440 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religoius-composition-migrants_featured.jpg?resize=960,540 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religoius-composition-migrants_featured.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religoius-composition-migrants_featured.jpg?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"360\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religoius-composition-migrants_featured.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"World map on an asphalt with person in red shoes standing next to it\" class=\"wp-image-184307 not-transparent\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">(Mirsad Sarajlic\/Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"h-how-we-did-this\">For this report, we gathered data on existing \u201cstocks\u201d of international migrants \u2013 all adults and children who now live outside their birth country, no matter when they left. (This report does not estimate migration \u201cflows\u201d \u2013 how many people move across borders in any single year.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our goal was to describe the religious composition of international migrants \u2013 how many are Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jewish and Muslim \u2013 and how many have no religion, including atheists and agnostics. We did not analyze patterns for other religious groups, such as Baha\u2019is and Sikhs, because censuses in many countries do not provide data about them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our counts of migrants for 1990-2020 come from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/content\/international-migrant-stock\">migrant stock estimates<\/a> that the United Nations Population Division published in 2020 (the UN\u2019s most recent migrant figures). The UN data shows where international migrants have come from (i.e., their origin countries or territories) and where they have ended up (i.e., their destination countries or territories). But the UN does not provide any information on their religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To estimate the religious identities of migrants, we drew primarily on data from 270 censuses and surveys \u2013 such as the World Values Survey, European Social Survey and Pew Research Center surveys \u2013 conducted where migrants now live.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The amount and quality of data varies considerably. Since 2020, some countries have conducted new, nationwide censuses with more precise information on their migrant populations. This information was not incorporated in the UN\u2019s 2020 estimates and is not reflected in this report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When countries had insufficient survey or census data on the religion of migrants, we typically turned to information about migrants living in similar geographic and religious contexts. For example, in surveys of Belgium, there are too few migrants from Syria to estimate their religious composition. So we drew on surveys of Syrians living in other European countries where Christians are the largest religious group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Using these methods, we estimated the religious composition of 98% of the world\u2019s international migrants. For the remaining 2% of migrants, we assumed that their composition matched the religious composition of their origin country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Altogether, we estimated the religious composition of migrants from 95,696 combinations of 232 origin and destination countries and territories. The other routes had no known migrants. Here is the full <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-migrants-methodology\">Methodology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"who-are-migrants\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;who-are-migrants&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>Who are migrants?<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The United Nations counts <strong>international migrants<\/strong> as people of any age who live outside their country (or in some cases, territory) of birth \u2013 regardless of their motives for migrating, their length of residence or their legal status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to naturalized citizens and permanent residents, the UN\u2019s international migrant numbers include asylum-seekers and refugees, as well as people without official residence documents. The UN also includes some people who live in a country temporarily \u2013 like some students and guest workers \u2013 but it does not include short-term visitors like tourists, nor does it typically include military forces deployed abroad.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For brevity, this report refers to international migrants simply as <strong>migrants. <\/strong>Occasionally, we use the term <strong>immigrants<\/strong> to differentiate migrants living in a <em>destination country<\/em> from <strong>emigrants<\/strong> who have left an <em>origin country<\/em>. Every person who is living outside of his or her country of birth is all three \u2013 a migrant, an immigrant and an emigrant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The analysis in this report focuses on existing <strong>stocks<\/strong> of international migrants \u2013 all people who now live outside their birth country, no matter when they left. We do not estimate migration <strong>flows<\/strong> \u2013 how many people move across borders in any single year.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Migration has grown steadily in recent decades. Today, more than 280 million people, or 3.6% of the world\u2019s population, are international migrants \u2013 meaning they live outside their country of birth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=184441\"><img data-dominant-color=\"ebe6e3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #ebe6e3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-01.png?resize=480,731 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-01.png?resize=620,944 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"472\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-01.png?w=310\" alt=\"Bar chart showing globally, Christians are the largest migrant group\" class=\"wp-image-184441 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christians made up an estimated 47% of all people living outside their country of birth as of 2020, the latest year for which global figures are available, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of United Nations data and 270 censuses and surveys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Muslims accounted for 29% of all living migrants, followed by Hindus (5%), Buddhists (4%) and Jews (1%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The religiously unaffiliated \u2013 i.e., those who say they have no religion, or who identify as atheist or agnostic \u2013 represented 13% of all the people who have left their country of birth and are now living elsewhere.[1. An additional 2% of global migrants belong to \u201cother religions,\u201d an umbrella category that includes Baha\u2019is, Daoists (also spelled Taoists), Jains, Shintoists, Sikhs and adherents of many other religions. This report does not analyze those groups separately because in many countries, censuses and surveys do not provide sufficiently detailed data about them.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over the past three decades, the total number \u2013 or stock \u2013 of people living as international migrants has increased by 83%, outpacing global population growth of 47%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This report focuses on <em>stocks <\/em>rather than <em>flows<\/em> of migrants. We are counting all adults and children who now live outside their countries of birth, no matter when they left.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We are not trying to estimate how many\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad move in a single year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the religious makeup of migration<em> flows<\/em> can change drastically from year to year \u2013 due to wars, economic crises and natural disasters \u2013 the total <em>stock <\/em>of migrants changes more slowly, reflecting patterns that have accumulated over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The religious makeup of all international migrants has remained relatively stable since 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our analysis finds:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=184442\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eeebe9\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eeebe9;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-02.png?resize=480,522 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-02.png?resize=782,851 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-02.png?resize=840,914 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"457\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-02.png?w=840\" alt=\"Bar chart showing Christians, Muslims and Jews make up higher shares of migrants than of the overall population\" class=\"wp-image-184442 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=184443\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eaebeb\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eaebeb;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-03.png?resize=480,514 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-03.png?resize=782,838 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-03.png?resize=840,900 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"450\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_0-03.png?w=840\" alt=\"Bar chart showing 1 in 5 Jews live outside their country of birth\" class=\"wp-image-184443 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Christians make up a much larger share of migrants (47%) than they do of the world\u2019s population (30%).<\/strong> Mexico is the most common origin country for Christian migrants, and the United States is their most common destination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Muslims account for a slightly larger share of migrants (29%) than of the world\u2019s population (25%).<\/strong> Syria is the most common origin country for Muslim migrants, and Muslims often move to places in the Middle East-North Africa region, like Saudi Arabia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>People without a religion<\/strong> <strong>make up a smaller percentage of migrants (13%) than of the global population (23%).<\/strong>[2. This report presents interim estimates of the overall population in each religious group (including migrants and nonmigrants) using data from three Pew Research Center studies: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/04\/02\/religious-projections-2010-2050\/\">The Future of World Religions<\/a>\u201d (projections of religious composition to the year 2020 published in 2015), \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/09\/13\/modeling-the-future-of-religion-in-america\/\">Modeling the Future of Religion in America<\/a>\u201d (2022) and \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/08\/30\/measuring-religion-in-china\/\">Measuring Religion in China<\/a>\u201d (2023). In the future, the Center will produce new estimates of the overall size of religious groups in 2020, based on data sources that have become available in recent years. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-migrants-methodology\/\">Methodology<\/a> for details.] China is the most common origin country for religiously unaffiliated migrants, and the U.S. is their most common destination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hindus are starkly underrepresented among international migrants (5%) compared with their share of the global population (15%). <\/strong>India is both the most common country of origin and the top destination for Hindu migrants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Buddhists make up 4% of the world\u2019s population and 4% of its international migrants.<\/strong> Myanmar (also called Burma) is the most common origin country for Buddhist migrants, while Thailand is their most common destination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jews form a much larger share of migrants (1%) than of the world\u2019s population (0.2%).<\/strong> Israel is the most frequent origin country among Jewish migrants and also their top destination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Of the major religious groups, Jews are by far the likeliest to have migrated.<\/strong> One-in-five Jews reside outside of their country of birth, compared with smaller shares of Christians (6%), Muslims (4%), Hindus (1%), Buddhists (4%) and the religiously unaffiliated (2%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-religion-is-connected-with-migration\">How religion is connected with migration<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/global-issues\/migration#:~:text=Some%20people%20move%20in%20search,large%2Dscale%20human%20rights%20violations.\">People move internationally for many reasons,<\/a> such as to find jobs, get an education or join family members. But religion and migration are often closely connected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many migrants have moved to escape religious persecution or to live among people who hold similar religious beliefs. Often people move and take their religion with them, contributing to gradual changes in their new country\u2019s religious makeup. Sometimes, though, migrants shed the religion they grew up with and adopt their new host country\u2019s majority religion, some other religion or no religion.[3. We have limited data on global patterns of religious switching after migration. Some studies have found evidence of considerable switching among migrants from China, who may join new religious communities as part of the process of integrating into their new home countries. Read, for example, Skirbekk, Vergard, \u00c9ric Caron Malenfant, Stuart Basten and Marcin Stonawski. 2012. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41349935\">The religious composition of the Chinese diaspora, focusing on Canada<\/a>.\u201d Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. Also refer to Yang, Fenggang. 1999. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.5325\/j.ctv14gp4d0\">Chinese Christians in America: Conversion, assimilation, and adhesive identities<\/a>.\u201d]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the migration patterns of religious groups differ, the groups in this analysis also have a lot in common. For example, migrants frequently go to countries where their religious identity is already prevalent: Many Muslims have moved to Saudi Arabia, while Jews have gravitated toward Israel. Christians and religiously unaffiliated migrants have the same top three destination countries: the U.S., Germany and Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And, regardless of their religion, migrants often move from relatively poor or dangerous places to countries where they hope to find prosperity and safety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are among the key findings of a Pew Research Center analysis of international migrants around the world. The study is part of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/topic\/religion\/religious-demographics\/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project\/\">Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project<\/a>, which seeks to understand global religious change and its impact on societies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"editorial-note-to-readers-aug-29-2024\">EDITORIAL NOTE TO READERS (Aug. 29, 2024)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To provide context on how we arrived at our estimates, we have added more information to this report\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"#how-we-did-this\">How we did this<\/a>\u201d and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-migrants-methodology\/#why-our-estimates-may-differ-from-other-sources\">Methodology<\/a> sections.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The rest of this report contains chapters on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chapter 1: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/migrants-living-in-each-region\/\">Migrants living in each region<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chapter 2: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/global-migration-change-1990-2020\/\">Global migration change, 1990-2020<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chapter 3: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/christian-migrants-around-the-world\/\">Christian migrants around the world<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chapter 4: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/muslim-migrants-around-the-world\/\">Muslim migrants around the world<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chapter 5: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religiously-unaffiliated-migrants-around-the-world\/\">Religiously unaffiliated migrants around the world<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chapter 6: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/hindu-migrants-around-the-world\/\">Hindu migrants around the world<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chapter 7: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/buddhist-migrants-around-the-world\/\">Buddhist migrants around the world<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chapter 8: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/jewish-migrants-around-the-world\/\">Jewish migrants around the world<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Geographic spotlights:<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/08\/19\/geographic-spotlights-a-closer-look-at-4-migration-stories\/\">A closer look at Europe, GCC countries, India and the United States<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"migration-since-2020\">Migration since 2020<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This report relies on UN estimates of stocks of international migrants around the world for 1990, 2020 and every five-year interval between.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2020, the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/topic\/coronavirus-disease-covid-19\/\">COVID-19 pandemic<\/a> severely restricted travel, causing a precipitous drop in migration. But movement has picked up since, and there have been some sharp shifts in migration flow patterns. For example, emigration from Ukraine has surged due to its war with Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even though this report does not include very recent migration, we do not expect that recent events have had much impact on the religious composition of migrants overall. Even large flows of people leaving a country become part of much larger stocks of migrants who have already left, and the characteristics of these stocks tend to change very slowly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, the latest UN migrant stock data and the analysis in this report do not incorporate census data collected after 2020. Refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-migrants-methodology\/#why-our-estimates-may-differ-from-other-sources\">Methodology<\/a> for details.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The globe\u2019s 280 million immigrants shape countries&#8217; religious composition. Christians make up the largest share, but Jews are most likely to have migrated.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":675,"featured_media":184307,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"Christians are the largest migrant group, but Jews are most likely to have migrated","sub_title":"Christians are the largest migrant group, but Jews are most likely to have migrated","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","relatedPosts":[{"key":"_5etsrj69o","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants-1990-2020\/","postId":185005,"title":"Religious composition of the world\u2019s migrants, 1990-2020","date":"2024-08-19 09:45:34","label":"Religious composition of the world\u2019s migrants, 1990-2020"},{"key":"_970ihzw5q","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/04\/02\/religious-projections-2010-2050\/","postId":72340,"title":"The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050","date":"2015-04-02 09:30:51","label":"The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050"},{"key":"_f41r7pz6e","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2022\/09\/13\/modeling-the-future-of-religion-in-america\/","postId":70285,"title":"Modeling the Future of Religion in America","date":"2022-09-13 09:50:03","label":"Modeling the Future of Religion in America"},{"key":"_tpav847q0","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2012\/03\/08\/religious-migration-exec\/","postId":73512,"title":"Faith on the Move \u2013 The Religious Affiliation of International Migrants","date":"2012-03-08 00:00:00","label":"Faith on the Move \u2013 The Religious Affiliation of International Migrants"},{"key":"_mf3iovbf4","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/08\/30\/measuring-religion-in-china\/","postId":69797,"title":"Measuring Religion in China","date":"2023-08-30 09:38:24","label":"Measuring Religion in China"}],"reportMaterials":[{"key":"_ez1l5afws","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_report.pdf","label":"Report PDF","attachmentId":185174},{"key":"_eqmbvz2nt","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants-1990-2020\/","label":"Interactive table: Religious composition of the world\u2019s migrants, 1990-2020","icon":"supplemental"}],"multiSectionReport":[{"key":"_k93tvugxq","postId":184313},{"key":"_zorf8dgwm","postId":184326},{"key":"_dukf7eue8","postId":184333},{"key":"_xdmvlyxao","postId":184342},{"key":"_ynemrkj0u","postId":184348},{"key":"_axzbbzqph","postId":184354},{"key":"_f1flrbbg5","postId":184361},{"key":"_xlty3rwu4","postId":184368},{"key":"_fbpcaambp","postId":184322},{"key":"_67u5twp03","postId":184436},{"key":"_qcwxn9d0m","postId":184373},{"key":"_wxccbw78n","postId":184382},{"key":"_bafzd5m0k","postId":184387}],"package_parts__enabled":false,"package_parts":[],"datacite_doi":"{ \"@context\": \"http:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"Report\", \"@id\": \"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58094\/v9dv-z531\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/the-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants\/\", \"name\": \"The Religious Composition of the World's Migrants\", \"author\": [ { \"name\": \"Stephanie Kramer\", \"givenName\": \"Stephanie\", \"familyName\": \"Kramer\", \"affiliation\": { \"@type\": \"Organization\", \"@id\": \"https:\/\/ror.org\/02tvvdy44\", \"name\": \"Pew Research Center\" }, \"@type\": \"Person\", \"@id\": \"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5263-7730\" }, { \"name\": \"Yunping Tong\", \"givenName\": \"Yunping\", \"familyName\": \"Tong\", \"affiliation\": { \"@type\": \"Organization\", \"@id\": \"https:\/\/ror.org\/02tvvdy44\", \"name\": \"Pew Research Center\" }, \"@type\": \"Person\", \"@id\": \"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2544-7733\" } ], \"description\": \"The religious affiliations of international migrants (or the affiliations they\u2019re perceived to have) can impact everything from the decision to leave home to where they move and how they\u2019re received in a new country. Religion can operate as both a push and full factor, but previous research on religion and migration from a global perspective is sparse. \\nWe estimated the religious composition of international migrants around the world by origin and destination country pair by combining UN migrant stock estimates with 270 censuses and surveys, all conducted in destination countries, that include information on religious affiliation and country of origin. Using censuses and surveys, we were able to make direct estimates of religious compositions for 54% of the world\u2019s migrants as of 2020. For the other 46% of international migrants, we used four imputation methods to indirectly make these estimates with the best data available. \", \"license\": \"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/about\/terms-and-conditions\/\", \"keywords\": \"International migration, Religion\", \"encodingFormat\": [ \"application\/pdf\", \"text\/html\" ], \"datePublished\": 2024, \"schemaVersion\": \"http:\/\/datacite.org\/schema\/kernel-4\", \"publisher\": { \"@type\": \"Organization\", \"@id\": \"https:\/\/ror.org\/02tvvdy44\", \"name\": \"Pew Research Center\" }, \"funder\": [ { \"@id\": \"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13039\/100000875\", \"@type\": \"Organization\", \"name\": \"Pew Charitable Trusts\" }, { \"@id\": \"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13039\/100000925\", \"@type\": \"Organization\", \"name\": \"John Templeton Foundation\" } ], \"provider\": { \"@type\": \"Organization\", \"name\": \"datacite\" } 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Migrants living in each region","slug":"migrants-living-in-each-region","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/migrants-living-in-each-region\/","is_active":false},{"id":184326,"title":"2. Global migration change, 1990-2020","slug":"global-migration-change-1990-2020","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/global-migration-change-1990-2020\/","is_active":false},{"id":184333,"title":"3. Christian migrants around the world","slug":"christian-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/christian-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false},{"id":184342,"title":"4. Muslim migrants around the world","slug":"muslim-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/muslim-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false},{"id":184348,"title":"5. Religiously unaffiliated migrants around the world","slug":"religiously-unaffiliated-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religiously-unaffiliated-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false},{"id":184354,"title":"6. Hindu migrants around the world","slug":"hindu-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/hindu-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false},{"id":184361,"title":"7. Buddhist migrants around the world","slug":"buddhist-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/buddhist-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false},{"id":184368,"title":"8. Jewish migrants around the world","slug":"jewish-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/jewish-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false},{"id":184322,"title":"Geographic spotlights: A closer look at 4 migration stories","slug":"geographic-spotlights-a-closer-look-at-4-migration-stories","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/geographic-spotlights-a-closer-look-at-4-migration-stories\/","is_active":false},{"id":184436,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"religious-composition-migrants-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-migrants-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false},{"id":184373,"title":"Methodology","slug":"religious-composition-migrants-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-migrants-methodology\/","is_active":false},{"id":184382,"title":"Appendix A: Regions","slug":"religious-compositions-migrants-appendix-a-regions","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-compositions-migrants-appendix-a-regions\/","is_active":false},{"id":184387,"title":"Appendix B: Sources for the religious distribution of migrants, by destination country","slug":"appendix-b-sources-for-the-religious-distribution-of-migrants-by-destination-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/appendix-b-sources-for-the-religious-distribution-of-migrants-by-destination-country\/","is_active":false}],"report_materials":[{"type":"printEngineBeta","label":"Print Engine (Beta)","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/the-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants\/print"},{"key":"_ez1l5afws","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_report.pdf","label":"Report PDF","attachmentId":185174},{"key":"_eqmbvz2nt","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants-1990-2020\/","label":"Interactive table: Religious composition of the world\u2019s migrants, 1990-2020","icon":"supplemental"},{"type":"dataset","id":2397,"label":"Dataset: Religious Composition of the World\u2019s Migrants, 1990-2020","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/dataset\/dataset-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants-1990-2020\/"}],"report_pagination":{"current_post":{"id":184303,"title":"The Religious Composition of the World\u2019s Migrants","slug":"the-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/the-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants\/","is_active":true,"page_num":1},"next_post":{"id":184313,"title":"1. Migrants living in each region","slug":"migrants-living-in-each-region","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/migrants-living-in-each-region\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},"previous_post":null,"pagination_items":[{"id":184303,"title":"The Religious Composition of the World\u2019s Migrants","slug":"the-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/the-religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants\/","is_active":true,"page_num":1},{"id":184313,"title":"1. Migrants living in each region","slug":"migrants-living-in-each-region","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/migrants-living-in-each-region\/","is_active":false,"page_num":2},{"id":184326,"title":"2. Global migration change, 1990-2020","slug":"global-migration-change-1990-2020","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/global-migration-change-1990-2020\/","is_active":false,"page_num":3},{"id":184333,"title":"3. Christian migrants around the world","slug":"christian-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/christian-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false,"page_num":4},{"id":184342,"title":"4. Muslim migrants around the world","slug":"muslim-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/muslim-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false,"page_num":5},{"id":184348,"title":"5. Religiously unaffiliated migrants around the world","slug":"religiously-unaffiliated-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religiously-unaffiliated-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false,"page_num":6},{"id":184354,"title":"6. Hindu migrants around the world","slug":"hindu-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/hindu-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false,"page_num":7},{"id":184361,"title":"7. Buddhist migrants around the world","slug":"buddhist-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/buddhist-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false,"page_num":8},{"id":184368,"title":"8. Jewish migrants around the world","slug":"jewish-migrants-around-the-world","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/jewish-migrants-around-the-world\/","is_active":false,"page_num":9},{"id":184322,"title":"Geographic spotlights: A closer look at 4 migration stories","slug":"geographic-spotlights-a-closer-look-at-4-migration-stories","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/geographic-spotlights-a-closer-look-at-4-migration-stories\/","is_active":false,"page_num":10},{"id":184436,"title":"Acknowledgments","slug":"religious-composition-migrants-acknowledgments","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-migrants-acknowledgments\/","is_active":false,"page_num":11},{"id":184373,"title":"Methodology","slug":"religious-composition-migrants-methodology","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-migrants-methodology\/","is_active":false,"page_num":12},{"id":184382,"title":"Appendix A: Regions","slug":"religious-compositions-migrants-appendix-a-regions","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-compositions-migrants-appendix-a-regions\/","is_active":false,"page_num":13},{"id":184387,"title":"Appendix B: Sources for the religious distribution of migrants, by destination country","slug":"appendix-b-sources-for-the-religious-distribution-of-migrants-by-destination-country","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/appendix-b-sources-for-the-religious-distribution-of-migrants-by-destination-country\/","is_active":false,"page_num":14}]},"parent_info":{"parent_title":"The Religious Composition of the World\u2019s Migrants","parent_id":184303},"materialsOrdered":[{"key":"_ez1l5afws","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/08\/PR_2024.08.19_religious-composition-migrants_report.pdf","label":"Report PDF","attachmentId":185174},{"key":"_eqmbvz2nt","type":"link","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/08\/19\/religious-composition-of-the-worlds-migrants-1990-2020\/","label":"Interactive table: Religious composition of the world\u2019s migrants, 1990-2020","icon":"supplemental"}],"chaptersOrdered":[{"key":"_k93tvugxq","postId":184313},{"key":"_zorf8dgwm","postId":184326},{"key":"_dukf7eue8","postId":184333},{"key":"_xdmvlyxao","postId":184342},{"key":"_ynemrkj0u","postId":184348},{"key":"_axzbbzqph","postId":184354},{"key":"_f1flrbbg5","postId":184361},{"key":"_xlty3rwu4","postId":184368},{"key":"_fbpcaambp","postId":184322},{"key":"_67u5twp03","postId":184436},{"key":"_qcwxn9d0m","postId":184373},{"key":"_wxccbw78n","postId":184382},{"key":"_bafzd5m0k","postId":184387}],"partsOrdered":[],"partsEnabled":false,"datacite_doi":"Kramer, Stephanie and Yunping Tong.  2024.  \"The Religious Composition of the World\u2019s Migrants.\"  Pew Research Center. doi: 10.58094\/v9dv-z531.","prc_seo_data":{"title":"How Immigrants Are Shaping the Religious Landscape","description":"The globe\u2019s 280 million immigrants shape countries' religious composition. 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