{"id":169727,"date":"2024-06-17T09:45:23","date_gmt":"2024-06-17T13:45:23","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2024-08-19T11:17:40","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T15:17:40","slug":"religion-and-spirituality-in-east-asian-societies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-and-spirituality-in-east-asian-societies\/","title":{"rendered":"Religion and Spirituality in East Asian Societies"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-prc-block-subtitle\" aria-level=\"2\">A survey in Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and neighboring Vietnam finds many people don\u2019t identify with a religion but say they believe in unseen beings, venerate ancestors\u2019 spirits and engage in ritual practices<\/h2>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-640-wide\"><img data-dominant-color=\"8b7a73\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #8b7a73;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?resize=782,440 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?resize=960,540 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"360\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-Asia_featured.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"A man burns joss sticks in a cemetery during the Ching Ming Festival, or Grave Sweeping Day, in Hong Kong. \" class=\"wp-image-169896 not-transparent\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A man burns joss sticks in a cemetery during the Ching Ming Festival, or Grave Sweeping Day, in Hong Kong. (Anthony Wallace\/AFP via Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this report, we surveyed 10,390 adults across East Asia and neighboring Vietnam. Local interviewers administered the survey in seven languages from June to September 2023. Interviews were conducted over the phone in four places: Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. In Vietnam, interviews took place face-to-face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This survey, funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation, is part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/topic\/religion\/religious-demographics\/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project\/\">Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project<\/a>, a broader effort by Pew Research Center to study religious change and its impact on societies around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Center previously has conducted religion-focused surveys across <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2010\/04\/15\/executive-summary-islam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa\/\">sub-Saharan Africa<\/a>; the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2012\/08\/09\/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary\/\">Middle East-North Africa region<\/a> and many countries with <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2013\/04\/30\/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview\/\">large Muslim populations<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2014\/11\/13\/religion-in-latin-america\/\">Latin America<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2016\/03\/08\/israels-religiously-divided-society\/\">Israel<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2017\/05\/10\/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe\/\">Central and Eastern Europe<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/2018\/05\/29\/being-christian-in-western-europe\/\">Western Europe<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/06\/29\/religion-in-india-tolerance-and-segregation\/\">India<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/buddhism-islam-and-religious-pluralism-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/\">South and Southeast Asia<\/a>; and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/religious-landscape-study\/\">United States<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When we designed the survey, we took several steps to help ensure that the questions would be culturally appropriate and that respondents would understand their intended meaning. We consulted with an advisory panel of academic experts on religion in Asia. We conducted cognitive interviews in Japan and Taiwan. (In cognitive interviews, respondents are asked to read a question aloud, to answer it, and to discuss their thinking.) The full survey questionnaire also was pretested in all five locations prior to fieldwork.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The questionnaire was developed in English and translated into six other languages. Professional linguists with native proficiency independently checked the translations. In questions about belief in \u201cgod,\u201d translators were instructed to choose the most generic possible <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-methodology\/#translation-of-belief-in-god-question\">word for god in each language<\/a> and to avoid terms that refer exclusively to the god(s) or goddess(es) of any particular religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Respondents were selected using a probability-based sample design. Data was weighted to account for different probabilities of selection and to align with demographic benchmarks for the adult population. This ensures that the surveys are representative of the broader public in terms of age, gender and education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For more information, refer to the report\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-methodology\/\">Methodology section<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_topline.pdf\">full survey questionnaire<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-define-east-asia\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-define-east-asia&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we define East Asia<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typically, East Asia is <a href=\"https:\/\/asiasociety.org\/countries-regions\/east-asia\">considered to encompass<\/a> China, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan. In geopolitical terms, Vietnam is often categorized as part of Southeast Asia. But we surveyed Vietnam along with East Asia for several reasons, including its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Vietnam\/Vietnam-under-Chinese-rule\">historic ties to China<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/j.ctv3zp043.6.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3A9a8fd9f6572644cbba3eff48ba5b2684&amp;ab_segments=&amp;origin=&amp;initiator=&amp;acceptTC=1\">Confucian traditions<\/a>. Moreover, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780195393521\/obo-9780195393521-0015.xml\">Buddhists in Vietnam<\/a> practice the same strain of Buddhism (Mahayana) found across East Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Throughout this report, the term \u201cEast Asia\u201d refers to Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>When discussing trends throughout the broader \u201cregion,\u201d we include Vietnam.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For legal and logistical reasons, we did not survey several other places that are generally considered part of East Asia. At present, China does not allow <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinafile.com\/ngo\/latest\/fact-sheet-chinas-foreign-ngo-law\">non-Chinese organizations<\/a> to conduct surveys on the mainland, and public opinion surveys are not possible in North Korea. Conducting nationally representative surveys in Mongolia is difficult due to the nomadic lifestyle of a large part of its people. We did not survey Macau because its population is relatively small.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By some measures, East Asia seems like one of the least religious regions in the world. Relatively few East Asian adults <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/practices\/#daily-prayer-around-the-world\">pray daily<\/a> or say religion is <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-as-a-way-of-life\/#importance-of-religion-around-the-world\">very important in their lives<\/a>. And rates of disaffiliation \u2013 people leaving religion \u2013 are <a href=\"#religious-switching-in-east-asia-compared-with-the-rest-of-the-world\">among the highest in the world<\/a>, according to a new Pew Research Center survey of more than 10,000 adults in East Asia and neighboring Vietnam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169955\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eaf0f2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eaf0f2;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-01.png?resize=480,960 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-01.png?resize=620,1240 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"620\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-01.png?w=512\" alt=\"Religious disaffiliation in East Asia and Vietnam compared with select countries.\" class=\"wp-image-169955 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yet, the survey also finds that many people across the region continue to hold religious or spiritual beliefs and to engage in traditional rituals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A majority of adults surveyed in Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam say they <strong>believe in god or unseen beings.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Many also participate in <strong>ancestor veneration rituals<\/strong> with religious underpinnings. In Japan, for instance, 70% report that they have offered food, water or drinks to honor or care for their ancestors in the past 12 months. In Vietnam, 86% have performed this ritual in the last year.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Praying or offering respects to religious figures or deities<\/strong> is fairly common. For example, 30% of adults in Hong Kong say they pray or offer their respects to <em>Guanyin<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bl.uk\/asian-and-african\/2020\/02\/guanyin.html\">a deity associated with compassion<\/a>, and 46% in Taiwan pray or offer respects to Buddha.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignright is-style-callout is-style-420-wide has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"translations\">Translations<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:14px\" class=\"wp-block-list has-sans-serif-font-family\">\n<li>Japanese: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-press-release-japanese\/\">Main findings<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_report-overview-japanese.pdf\">Overview<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Korean: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-press-release-korean\/\">Main findings<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_report-overview-korean.pdf\">Overview<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simplified Chinese: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-press-release-simplified-chinese\/\">Main findings<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_report-overview-simplified-chinese.pdf\">Overview<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Traditional Chinese: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-traditional-chinese\/\">Main findings<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_report-overview-traditional-chinese.pdf\">Overview<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vietnamese: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-press-release-vietnamese\/\">Main findings<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_report-overview-vietnamese.pdf\">Overview<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Large numbers of adults across the region \u2013 ranging from 27% in Taiwan to 61% in Hong Kong \u2013 say they have \u201cno religion.\u201d But even <a href=\"#common-beliefs-and-practices\">among these religiously unaffiliated people<\/a>, half or more leave offerings for deceased ancestors; at least four-in-ten believe in god or unseen beings; and a quarter or more say that mountains, rivers or trees have spirits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short, when we measure religion in these societies by what people <em>believe<\/em> and <em>do<\/em>, rather than whether they say they have a religion, the region is more religiously vibrant than it might initially seem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169956\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e1e9ec\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e1e9ec;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-02.png?resize=480,261 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-02.png?resize=782,425 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-02.png?resize=960,521 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-02.png?resize=1200,652 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-02.png?resize=1280,695 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"348\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-02.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Few East Asians consider religion very important in their lives, but many make offerings to ancestors and believe in god or unseen beings.\" class=\"wp-image-169956 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"religion-translation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/display\/book\/edcoll\/9789004443327\/BP000012.xml\">Collecting&nbsp;data on religion<\/a> in East Asia is <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/08\/30\/measuring-religion-in-china\/#What-%E2%80%9Creligion%E2%80%9D-means-in-China\">a complex challenge<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9783110547801-002\/html?lang=en\">concept of religion<\/a> was imported to the region by scholars only about a century ago, and common translations of \u201creligion\u201d (such as <a href=\"http:\/\/afe.easia.columbia.edu\/cosmos\/bgov\/religion.htm\"><em>zongjiao<\/em><\/a> in Chinese, <a href=\"https:\/\/compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1749-8171.2011.00307.x\"><em>sh\u016bky\u014d<\/em><\/a> in Japanese and <a href=\"https:\/\/ceres.rub.de\/de\/forschung\/projekte\/characteristics-of-the-concept-de\/\"><em>jonggyo<\/em><\/a> in Korean) often are understood to refer to organized, hierarchical forms of religion, such as Christianity or new religious movements \u2013 not to traditional Asian forms of spirituality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The survey included a few questions that have long been used to measure religious observance in other parts of the world, such as how important religion is in people\u2019s lives. But this report places more emphasis on new questions designed to measure beliefs and practices that are relatively common in Asian societies, including: <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/ancestor-veneration-funerals-and-afterlife-beliefs\/#ancestor-veneration-rituals\">ancestor veneration<\/a>; the presence of <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/beliefs\/#belief-in-spirits-inhabiting-the-physical-world\">spirits in the natural world<\/a>; offering respects to <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/practices\/#venerating-religious-figures-and-deities\">deities and religious figures<\/a>; beliefs about <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/ancestor-veneration-funerals-and-afterlife-beliefs\/#belief-in-rebirth-and-nirvana\">life after death<\/a>; and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-as-a-way-of-life\/#feeling-connected-to-one-or-more-religions-or-philosophies\">personal connections to religion<\/a> aside from identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The report is based on a major, regional survey of 10,390 adults in four East Asian societies (Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan) and neighboring Vietnam. The survey was conducted in seven languages from June 2 to Sept. 17, 2023. It builds on studies that Pew Research Center previously has published on religion in <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/08\/30\/measuring-religion-in-china\/\">China<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/06\/29\/religion-in-india-tolerance-and-segregation\/\">India<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/buddhism-islam-and-religious-pluralism-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/\">South and Southeast Asia<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>More highlights in this Overview: <\/strong><a href=\"#religious-switching-in-the-region\">Religious switching in the region<\/a> | <a href=\"#religious-switching-in-east-asia-compared-with-the-rest-of-the-world\">Religious switching in East Asia compared with the rest of the world<\/a> | <a href=\"#common-beliefs-and-practices\">Common beliefs and practices<\/a> | <a href=\"#how-former-buddhists-in-east-asia-compare-with-lifelong-buddhists\">How former Buddhists in East Asia compare with lifelong Buddhists<\/a> | <a href=\"#other-key-findings-in-this-report\">Other key findings in this report<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-callout has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-rest-of-this-report-covers\">The rest of this report covers:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:14px\" class=\"wp-block-list has-sans-serif-font-family\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religious-landscape-and-change-in-east-asia\/\">Chapter 1: Religious landscape and change<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-as-a-way-of-life\/\">Chapter 2: Religion as a way of life<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/beliefs\/\">Chapter 3: Beliefs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/practices\/\">Chapter 4: Practices<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/ancestor-veneration-funerals-and-afterlife-beliefs\/\">Chapter 5: Ancestor veneration, funerals and afterlife beliefs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-politics-and-society\/\">Chapter 6: Religion, politics and society<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;religious-switching-in-the-region&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"religious-switching-in-the-region\">Religious switching in the region<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most people surveyed either have no religious affiliation or identify as Buddhist. Moreover, in South Korea and Hong Kong, substantial shares of adults identify as Christian, and Taiwan has a sizable number of Daoists (also spelled Taoists).[1. According to Vietnam\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gso.gov.vn\/en\/data-and-statistics\/2020\/11\/completed-results-of-the-2019-viet-nam-population-and-housing-census\/\">2019 Population and Housing Census<\/a>, 86% of its total population has no religion, a much larger share than the 48% of Vietnamese adults in our survey who identify with no religion. Vietnam\u2019s census shows a far smaller share of Buddhists (5% of the overall population) than we measured (38% of adults). However, according to the U.S. State Department, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom\/vietnam\/\">the Vietnamese census counts people as Buddhist<\/a> only if they have formally registered with the Vietnam Buddhist Sangha.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-640-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169958\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2f0ee\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2f0ee;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-03.png?resize=480,224 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-03.png?resize=782,365 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-03.png?resize=960,448 960w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-03.png?resize=1200,560 1200w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-03.png?resize=1280,597 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"299\" width=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-03.png?w=1024\" alt=\"Five bar charts showing the share of adults in five Asian publics who currently self-identify as having no religion, being Buddhist, Christian, Daoist or having some other religion. The chart shows that the most common religion in Hong Kong, South Korea and Vietnam is \u2018no religion\u2019, with 61%, 52%, and 48% of respective adults saying so.\" class=\"wp-image-169958 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But religious identification in the region is undergoing a remarkable amount of change. Many people say they were raised with a different religious identity than the one they now claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-310-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169959\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d1e1e6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d1e1e6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-04.png?resize=480,635 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-04.png?resize=620,820 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"410\" width=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-04.png?w=620\" alt=\"53% of adults in Hong Kong and South Korea have changed their religious identity since childhood.\" class=\"wp-image-169959 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shares who have switched away from their religious upbringing to some other religion \u2013 or to no religion \u2013 range from 17% of adults in Vietnam to 53% each in Hong Kong and South Korea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(We use the term \u201cswitch\u201d rather than \u201cconvert\u201d to indicate that the movement goes in all directions and does not necessarily involve any formal rite or ceremony.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rates of religious switching are based on movement <em>between<\/em> major world religious traditions, not switching <em>within<\/em> a tradition. For instance, switching between Christianity and Buddhism is picked up by these measures, but switching between Catholicism and Protestantism or between different branches of Islam is not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We also count someone who has moved from a specific religion to no religious identity \u2013 or vice versa \u2013as having switched.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The bulk of the switching is disaffiliation<\/strong>: Many East Asians say they were raised in a religion during their childhood and <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-99-5829-0_3\">now identify with none<\/a>. (This is much less common in neighboring Vietnam.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169960\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efe7e3\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efe7e3;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-05.png?resize=480,466 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-05.png?resize=782,759 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-05.png?resize=840,815 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"408\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-05.png?w=840\" alt=\"A bar chart showing the share of adults in five Asian publics who say they were raised Buddhist, Christian, Daoist or another religion, but now identify with no religion. Many in East Asia who no longer identify with a religion were raised Buddhist. For instance, 15% of adults in Hong Kong say they were raised as Christians but now have no religion.\" class=\"wp-image-169960 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The departures are mostly from Buddhism, Christianity and Daoism. For instance, 15% of adults in Hong Kong say they were raised as Christians but now have no religion. And 14% of South Korean and Japanese adults report that they were brought up as Buddhists but no longer identify with any religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the high rates of religious switching do not arise exclusively from people abandoning religion. Roughly one-in-ten adults in South Korea (12%) and Hong Kong (9%) currently identify as Christian but were raised in a different religious tradition, such as Buddhism, or were raised with no religious identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similarly, 11% of adults in Taiwan and 10% in Vietnam were raised outside Buddhism but now identify as Buddhist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Still, on balance, the religiously unaffiliated population has had a <em>net gain<\/em> from switching in four of the places surveyed, drawing from every other religious group in our analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Hong Kong, for example, 30% of adults say they were raised without a religion, while 61% currently identify as religiously unaffiliated \u2013 a gain of 31 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169961\"><img data-dominant-color=\"efe8e5\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #efe8e5;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-06.png?resize=480,883 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-06.png?resize=782,1439 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-06.png?resize=840,1546 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"773\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-06.png?w=556\" alt=\"A series of bar charts showing the share of adults in each of the five Asian publics who were raised as and currently identify as Buddhist, Christian or having no religion. As an example, in Hong Kong, 30% of adults say they were raised without a religion, while 61% currently identify as religiously unaffiliated \u2013 a gain of 31 percentage points. Overall, Buddhism has lost adherents to \u2018religious switching\u2019 in Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea.\" class=\"wp-image-169961 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vietnam is the only place surveyed where the unaffiliated population has experienced a <em>net loss<\/em> due to religious switching: 55% of Vietnamese adults say they were raised without a religion, while 48% identify with no religion today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, Buddhists have experienced net losses from religious switching in Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea. For instance, 29% of adults in South Korea say they were raised Buddhist, but 14% say they are currently Buddhist \u2013 a 15-point decline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the other hand, Buddhists have seen slight <em>increases<\/em> due to religious switching in Taiwan and Vietnam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Read more about religious switching in <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religious-landscape-and-change-in-east-asia\/#religious-switching\">Chapter 1<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;religious-switching-in-east-asia-compared-with-the-rest-of-the-world&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"religious-switching-in-east-asia-compared-with-the-rest-of-the-world\">Religious switching in East Asia compared with the rest of the world<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">East Asian rates of religious switching (from 32% in Japan to 53% in Hong Kong and South Korea) are higher than Pew Research Center has measured in many other places.[2. For the purposes of this analysis, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are included in Asia. These three Caucasus countries are located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in a border area between Europe and Asia.] For example, in our <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/06\/29\/religion-in-india-tolerance-and-segregation\/#religious-conversion-in-india\">previous surveys of religion across Asia since 2019<\/a> \u2013 including in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand \u2013 only <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/buddhism-islam-and-religious-pluralism-in-south-and-southeast-asia\/#share-of-singaporeans-identifying-as-christian-or-unaffiliated-is-increasing\">Singapore\u2019s rate of religious switching<\/a> (35%) approaches the rates seen in East Asian societies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even in <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2018\/05\/29\/being-christian-in-western-europe\/\">our 2017 survey of 15 countries in Western Europe<\/a> \u2013 a region where <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/esr\/article\/25\/2\/155\/491158\">decades of disaffiliation<\/a> have led to sharp growth in the number of religiously unaffiliated people \u2013 we did not find any country in which the switching rate exceeded 40%. (The highest was 36%, in the Netherlands.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And in the United States, 28% of adults no longer identify with the religious tradition in which they were raised, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/12\/07\/spirituality-among-americans\/\">data we collected in summer 2023<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Religious switching is far less common in other parts of the world, such as Latin America and the Middle East-North Africa region.[3. In this analysis, we measure switching between the following categories: Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist, Hindu, \u201cOther religions,\u201d \u201cNo religion,\u201d and those who did not answer the question. If more detailed categories were used in the analysis (such as Catholic and Protestant, different Protestant denominations, or various schools of thought within Buddhism), the shares who are considered to have switched religions would increase. (As an example, read our 2015 detailed analysis of <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2015\/05\/12\/chapter-2-religious-switching-and-intermarriage\/\">religious switching in the United States<\/a>.) We have analyzed switching at the level of major world religious traditions to allow for consistent comparisons around the globe.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169962\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eaecea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eaecea;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-07.png?resize=480,1065 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-07.png?resize=782,1735 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-07.png?resize=840,1864 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"932\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-07.png?w=461\" alt=\"A bar chart showing the rates of religious switching in 102 places around the world, ranging from 0% in several places, such as Azerbaijan and Tunisia to 53% in Hong Kong and South Korea. Rates of religious switching in East Asia are higher than elsewhere in the world.\" class=\"wp-image-169962 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We also analyzed the data we have collected around the world since 2008 to see how <em>disaffiliation<\/em> rates in East Asia and Vietnam compare with other places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hong Kong (37%) and South Korea (35%) have the world\u2019s highest shares of adults who say they were raised in a religion but who no longer identify with one. They are followed by several Western European countries, including Norway (30%), the Netherlands (29%) and Belgium (28%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also high on the list are two other East Asian societies: Taiwan (22%) and Japan (21%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the vast majority of places we have surveyed over the years \u2013 including most locations surveyed in <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2017\/05\/10\/religious-affiliation\/#few-adults-across-the-region-say-they-have-switched-religious-traditions\">Central and Eastern Europe<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2012\/08\/09\/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation\/#low-rates-of-religious-switching\">Middle East-North Africa<\/a> region and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2010\/04\/15\/executive-summary-islam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa\/\">much of sub-Saharan Africa<\/a> \u2013 roughly 5% of adults or fewer say they were raised with a religion but now have none. Of the five places we surveyed for this report, only Vietnam has a disaffiliation rate that low (4%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169963\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eff0ef\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eff0ef;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-08.png?resize=480,1065 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-08.png?resize=782,1735 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-08.png?resize=840,1864 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"932\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-08.png?w=461\" alt=\"A bar chart showing the rates of religious disaffiliation in 102 places around the world, ranging from 0% in several places, such as Azerbaijan and Zambia to 37% in Hong Kong. Rates of religious disaffiliation in East Asia are among the world\u2019s highest.\" class=\"wp-image-169963 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(For information on when we conducted surveys in 102 countries&nbsp;and territories, go to <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-in-east-asia-appendix-a-sources\/\">Appendix A<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;common-beliefs-and-practices&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"common-beliefs-and-practices\">Common beliefs and practices<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center\u2019s religion surveys often ask, \u201cHow important is religion in your life?\u201d We use this question as one way, among many, to measure the role that religion plays in people\u2019s lives across geographies and over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Given the comparatively low rates of religious affiliation in some parts of East Asia, as well as the complexity of translating the word \u201creligion\u201d <a href=\"#religion-translation\">into some Asian languages<\/a>, it is perhaps not surprising that relatively few people in the region say religion is \u201cvery important\u201d to them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the five places we surveyed, no more than 26% of adults say religion is very important in their lives, including just 6% in Japan.[4. Pew Research Center was unable to survey in China due to Chinese government restrictions on foreign research organizations. However, the 2018 World Values Survey in China found that 13% of Chinese adults say religion is very important in their lives. Read our 2023 report <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/08\/30\/measuring-religion-in-china\/\">\u201cMeasuring Religion in China\u201d<\/a> for more information.] <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-as-a-way-of-life\/#importance-of-religion-around-the-world\">In other parts of the world<\/a> \u2013 including some neighboring Asian countries \u2013 surveys have often found much higher figures.[5. In India, for example, 84% of adults say religion is very important in their lives, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2021\/06\/29\/religious-practices-2\/\">our 2019-2020 survey there<\/a>. In the six countries we surveyed <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2023\/09\/12\/religious-practices-southeast-asia\/#personal-importance-of-religion\">in South and Southeast Asia<\/a> in 2022, majorities of adults in all countries except Singapore say this. Even in Singapore, 36% of adults view religion as very important in their lives. Only in Europe have Center studies on religion found attitudes on this question somewhat similar to East Asia, with a median of 20% of adults across 34 European countries saying religion is very important in their lives, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2018\/10\/29\/eastern-and-western-europeans-differ-on-importance-of-religion-views-of-minorities-and-key-social-issues\/#religious-commitment-particularly-low-in-western-europe\">our 2015-2017 surveys in Central\/Eastern and Western Europe.<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169965\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d6e2e8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d6e2e8;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-09.png?resize=480,431 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-09.png?resize=782,703 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-09.png?resize=840,755 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"378\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-09.png?w=840\" alt=\"A table showing the share of adults in five Asian publics who say they think karma exists, have been visited by the spirit of an ancestor in a dream or some other form, ever practice meditation, pray daily or consider religion very important in their lives. The chart shows that people in the region are more likely to engage with the spiritual world than to say religion is very important in their lives.\" class=\"wp-image-169965 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, many people who do not consider religion to be very important in their lives nevertheless engage in a variety of religious practices and hold a range of spiritual beliefs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Taiwan, for example, just 11% of adults say religion is very important to them, but 87% believe in karma, 36% say they have ever been visited by the spirit of an ancestor, and 34% say they ever practice meditation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The spirits of ancestors <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/03\/27\/dining\/tomb-sweeping-day-food.html\">have long been a focus of rituals<\/a> in East Asia and neighboring Vietnam, and <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/ancestor-veneration-funerals-and-afterlife-beliefs\/\">ancestor veneration remains widely practiced<\/a>. Roughly half of adults or more in all the places we surveyed say they have recently offered food, water or drinks to honor or take care of their ancestors. This practice is common among Buddhists and people who do not identify with a religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One particularly striking example: 92% of religiously unaffiliated Vietnamese adults say they have made an offering to ancestors in the past year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169966\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2efef\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2efef;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-010.png?resize=480,885 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-010.png?resize=782,1441 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-010.png?resize=840,1548 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"774\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-010.png?w=556\" alt=\"Three dot plots showing the share of adults in five Asian publics, broken down by their religion, who have offered food, water or drinks to honor or take care of their ancestors in the past 12 months, who say they believe in god or unseen beings, and who say they think mountains, rivers or trees have their own spirits. The chart shows that at least half of religiously unaffiliated adults in the places surveyed report recently offering food or drink to care for their ancestors.\" class=\"wp-image-169966 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These connections with deceased relatives are not always seen as one-way. In every place but Hong Kong, about four-in-ten adults say they have been visited <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/ancestor-veneration-funerals-and-afterlife-beliefs\/#communicating-with-ancestors\">by the spirit of an ancestor<\/a> in a dream or some other form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most adults surveyed in all five places say they believe in god or unseen beings, like deities or spirits. While religiously unaffiliated adults believe in god or unseen beings at lower rates than Christians and Buddhists do, at least four-in-ten unaffiliated adults in each place express these beliefs. In Taiwan, three-quarters of religiously unaffiliated people say they believe in god or unseen beings. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A sizable share of adults also view nature as a realm of invisible spirits. In Taiwan, Japan and Vietnam, about half of adults or more say they believe that mountains, rivers or trees <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/beliefs\/#belief-in-spirits-inhabiting-the-physical-world\">have their own spirits<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;how-former-buddhists-in-east-asia-compare-with-lifelong-buddhists&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-former-buddhists-in-east-asia-compare-with-lifelong-buddhists\">How former Buddhists in East Asia compare with lifelong Buddhists<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As we have seen, there is a lot of religious disaffiliation in East Asia: 37% of adults in Hong Kong, 35% in South Korea, 22% in Taiwan and 21% in Japan say they were raised in a religion such as Buddhism, Christianity or Daoism during childhood but no longer identify with any religion today. (By comparison, only 4% of Vietnamese adults have disaffiliated.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, a lot of people who say they have \u201cno religion\u201d nevertheless express some religious beliefs and say they engage in some traditional spiritual behaviors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This raises the question: How meaningful is religious affiliation in Asia? Do the religious labels even matter?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The short answer is yes \u2013 the way people describe themselves <em>does<\/em> have meaning. Consider, for example, three categories of East Asians:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lifelong Buddhists (people who say they were raised as Buddhists and still consider themselves Buddhists)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Former Buddhists, now unaffiliated (people who say they were raised as Buddhists but no longer identify with any religion)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lifelong unaffiliated (people who say they were raised in no religion and still don\u2019t identify with one)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are enough people in all three categories in the four East Asian societies we surveyed \u2013 Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan \u2013 to allow for detailed analysis of each group. In all these places, lifelong Buddhists consistently report engaging in religious practices and holding religious beliefs at significantly higher rates than former Buddhists do. But there also may be some residual effect of a Buddhist childhood on the former Buddhists, who, on average, are somewhat more religious than the lifelong unaffiliated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For instance, lifelong Buddhists in Taiwan are 30 percentage points more likely than former Buddhists to say they generally go to temples or pagodas (91% vs. 61%). The former Buddhists, in turn, are 16 points more likely to visit temples or pagodas than are Taiwanese who have been unaffiliated all their lives (61% vs. 45%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-420-wide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=169967\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f4f1f0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f1f0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-011.png?resize=480,874 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-011.png?resize=782,1423 782w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-011.png?resize=840,1529 840w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" height=\"765\" width=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_0-011.png?w=563\" alt=\"Four dot plots showing the share of adults in five Asian publics, broken down by whether they are lifelong Buddhists, former Buddhists now unaffiliated, or lifelong unaffiliated, who say they generally go to temples or pagodas, think rebirth exists, have burned incense in the past 12 months to honor or take care of their ancestors, or say Buddhism is a set of ethical teachings to guide actions. The chart shows that most Buddhist-to-unaffiliated switchers and lifelong religiously unaffiliated adults have recently burned incense.\" class=\"wp-image-169967 not-transparent\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similar patterns appear on survey questions about venerating ancestors. While most people in all three categories say they have burned incense in the past 12 months to honor or take care of their ancestors, this activity is most common among lifelong Buddhists. In Hong Kong, 84% of lifelong Buddhists have burned incense for ancestors in the past year, while 65% of former Buddhists and 59% of the lifelong unaffiliated say they have done so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moreover, in their concept of what Buddhism is, former Buddhists generally are closer to the lifelong unaffiliated than to lifelong Buddhists. A majority of Japan\u2019s lifelong Buddhists (57%) view Buddhism as \u201ca set of ethical teachings to guide actions,\u201d while smaller shares of former Buddhists (43%) and the lifelong unaffiliated (44%) say this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short, how people describe their present religious affiliation and their childhood affiliation tends to correspond with their level of religious belief and practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 data-is-section=\"true\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;other-key-findings-in-this-report&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/table-of-contents&quot;}\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"other-key-findings-in-this-report\">Other key findings in this report<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>At least one-fifth of adults in each of the four East Asian societies surveyed, as well as 79% of adults in neighboring Vietnam, report feeling that the spirit of an ancestor has come to their aid at some point in their lives. (<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/ancestor-veneration-funerals-and-afterlife-beliefs\/#communicating-with-ancestors\">Chapter 5<\/a> has more information about interactions with ancestors.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Most people surveyed across the region say they feel a personal connection to the \u201cway of life\u201d of at least one religious belief or philosophy, even if it\u2019s not exactly the same as their current religious identity. For instance, 34% of South Korean Christians say they feel a personal connection to the Buddhist way of life, and 26% of Buddhists in South Korea feel a connection to the Christian way of life. (<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-as-a-way-of-life\/#feeling-connected-to-one-or-more-religions-or-philosophies\">Chapter 2<\/a> discusses religion as a way of life and people\u2019s affinity for multiple traditions.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Large shares of adults in all religious groups say Buddhism is \u201ca set of ethical teachings to guide actions,\u201d \u201ca culture one is part of\u201d and \u201ca religion one chooses to follow.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-as-a-way-of-life\/#what-people-say-buddhism-is-and-is-not\">Chapter 2<\/a> has more detail on how the survey respondents define Buddhism, as well as some beliefs and practices that Buddhists view as crucial to being \u201ctruly\u201d Buddhist.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People across the region \u2013 Christians in particular \u2013 generally view religion as a positive force in their societies. (<a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/religion\/2024\/06\/17\/religion-politics-and-society\/#religions-role-in-society\">Chapter 6<\/a>&nbsp;offers more information on the intersection of religion and society.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_msocom_1\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_msocom_1\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Few are religiously affiliated, but many in the region hold religious or spiritual beliefs and engage in traditional rituals.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":675,"featured_media":169896,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"A survey in Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and neighboring Vietnam finds many people don\u2019t identify with a religion but say they believe in unseen beings, venerate ancestors\u2019 spirits and engage in ritual practices","sub_title":"A survey in Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and neighboring Vietnam finds many people don\u2019t identify with a religion but say they believe in unseen beings, venerate ancestors\u2019 spirits and engage in ritual practices","_prc_public_revisions":[],"_ppp_expiration_hours":0,"_ppp_enabled":false,"ai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"relatedPosts":[{"key":"_3opl1e1j1","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/06\/17\/6-facts-about-religion-and-spirituality-in-east-asian-societies\/","postId":170929,"title":"6 facts about religion and spirituality in East Asian societies","date":"2024-06-17 10:15:34","label":"6 facts about religion and spirituality in East Asian societies"},{"key":"_01fh9a7qq","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/07\/01\/rituals-honoring-deceased-ancestors-vary-widely-in-east-and-southeast-asia\/","postId":179962,"title":"Rituals honoring deceased ancestors vary widely in East and Southeast Asia","date":"2024-07-01 14:51:34","label":"Rituals honoring deceased ancestors vary widely in East and Southeast Asia"},{"key":"_5a2t5dxtm","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/07\/15\/many-adults-in-east-and-southeast-asia-support-free-speech-are-open-to-societal-change\/","postId":180912,"title":"Many adults in East and Southeast Asia support free speech, are open to societal change","date":"2024-07-15 13:54:15","label":"Many adults in East and Southeast Asia support free speech, are open to societal change"},{"key":"_p6j2ctvtx","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/07\/17\/across-asia-respect-for-elders-is-seen-as-necessary-to-be-truly-buddhist\/","postId":181166,"title":"Across Asia, respect for elders is seen as necessary to be \u2018truly\u2019 Buddhist","date":"2024-07-17 12:54:59","label":"Across Asia, respect for elders is seen as necessary to be \u2018truly\u2019 Buddhist"},{"key":"_e2v2y9tjd","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2024\/07\/29\/4-facts-about-religion-and-diversity-in-taiwan\/","postId":183059,"title":"4 facts about religion and diversity in Taiwan","date":"2024-07-29 09:55:14","label":"4 facts about religion and diversity in Taiwan"}],"reportMaterials":[{"key":"_v21q7grr4","type":"report","url":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/06\/PR_2024.06.17_religion-in-east-asia_report.pdf","label":"Report 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