{"id":167044,"date":"2024-05-15T11:59:00","date_gmt":"2024-05-15T15:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?p=167044"},"modified":"2025-05-07T10:14:20","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T14:14:20","slug":"half-of-latinas-say-hispanic-womens-situation-has-improved-in-the-past-decade-and-expect-more-gains","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/05\/15\/half-of-latinas-say-hispanic-womens-situation-has-improved-in-the-past-decade-and-expect-more-gains\/","title":{"rendered":"Half of Latinas Say Hispanic Women\u2019s Situation Has Improved in the Past Decade and Expect More Gains"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-prc-block-subtitle\" aria-level=\"2\">Government data shows gains in education, employment and earnings for Hispanic women, but gaps with other groups remain<\/h2>\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"how-we-did-this\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;how-we-did-this&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>How we did this<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This report explores Latinas\u2019 economic and demographic progress in the last two decades \u2013 and their perceptions of that progress \u2013 using several data sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first is a Pew Research Center survey of 5,078 Hispanic adults, including 2,600 Hispanic women. Respondents were asked whether U.S. Latinas saw progress in their situation in the last decade, whether they expected any in the future decade, and how big a problem the U.S. gender pay gap is. The survey was conducted from Nov. 6 to 19, 2023, and includes 1,524 respondents from the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/the-american-trends-panel\/\">American Trends Panel<\/a> (ATP) and an additional 3,554 from Ipsos\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/en-us\/solutions\/public-affairs\/knowledgepanel\">KnowledgePanel<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Respondents on both panels are recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. Recruiting panelists by mail ensures that nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. This gives us confidence that any sample can represent the whole population, or in this case the whole U.S. Hispanic population. (For more information, watch our <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/fact-tank\/2017\/05\/12\/methods-101-random-sampling\/\">Methods 101 explainer<\/a> on random sampling.) For more information on this survey, refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/05\/15\/latinas-gains-methodology\/\">American Trends Panel survey methodology<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/05\/RE_2024.05.15_Latinas-Gains_TOPLINE.pdf\">topline questionnaire<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second data source is the U.S. Census Bureau\u2019s and Bureau of Labor Statistics\u2019 2003, 2008, 2013, 2018 and 2023 Current Population Survey (CPS) Monthly and Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) data series, provided through the <a href=\"https:\/\/cps.ipums.org\/cps\/\">Integrated Public Use Microdata Series<\/a> (IPUMS) from the University of Minnesota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The CPS Monthly microdata series was used only to calculate median hourly earnings for those ages 25 to 64 years old and who were <em>not <\/em>self-employed. Medians were calculated for the whole year by considering all wages reported in that year, regardless of month. Median wages were then adjusted to June 2023 dollars using the <a href=\"https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/SUUR0000SA0\">Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers<\/a> for June of each year. For more information on the demographic analysis, refer to the <a href=\"#_Methodology__for\">methodology for the analysis of the Current Population Survey<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"border-width:1px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);--block-gap: inherit\" class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible has-background has-ui-beige-very-light-background-color has-border-color has-ui-beige-dark-border-color\" id=\"terminology\" data-wp-interactive=\"{&quot;namespace&quot;:&quot;prc-block\\\/collapsible&quot;}\" data-wp-context=\"{&quot;collapsibleId&quot;:&quot;terminology&quot;,&quot;isOpen&quot;:false}\" data-wp-class--is-open=\"context.isOpen\" data-wp-init--scroll-into-view=\"callbacks.onInitScrollIntoView\"><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__title\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.onClick\"><div>Terminology<\/div><button class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__icon\"><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"context.isOpen\"><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-plus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-plus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><span data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!context.isOpen\" hidden><i class=\"icon icon-library__light icon__circle-minus\"><svg style=\"width: 1em; height: 1em;\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/plugins\/prc-icon-library\/build\/icons\/sprites\/light.svg#circle-minus\"><\/use><\/svg><\/i><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-prc-block-collapsible__content\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The terms&nbsp;<strong>Hispanic<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>Latino<\/strong>&nbsp;are used interchangeably in this report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The terms <strong>Latinas<\/strong> and <strong>Hispanic women<\/strong> are used interchangeably throughout this report to refer to U.S. adult women who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, regardless of their racial identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Foreign born&nbsp;<\/strong>refers to persons born outside of the 50 U.S. states or the District of Columbia. For the purposes of this report, foreign born also refers to those born in Puerto Rico. Although individuals born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens by birth, they are grouped with the foreign born because they are born into a Spanish-dominant culture and because on many points their attitudes, views and beliefs are much closer to those of Hispanics born outside the U.S. than to Hispanics born in the 50 U.S. states or D.C., even those who identify themselves as being of Puerto Rican origin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The terms&nbsp;<strong>foreign born&nbsp;<\/strong>and&nbsp;<strong>immigrant<\/strong>&nbsp;are used interchangeably in this report. Immigrants are also considered first-generation Americans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>U.S. born<\/strong>&nbsp;refers to persons born in the 50 U.S. states or D.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Second generation<\/strong>&nbsp;refers to people born in the 50 U.S. states or D.C. with at least one immigrant parent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Third or higher generation<\/strong>&nbsp;refers to people born in the 50 U.S. states or D.C., with both parents born in the 50 U.S. states or D.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Throughout this report, <strong>Democrats<\/strong> are respondents who identify politically with the Democratic Party or those who are independent or identify with some other party but lean toward the Democratic Party. Similarly, <strong>Republicans<\/strong> are those who identify politically with the Republican Party and those who are independent or identify with some other party but lean toward the Republican Party.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>White, Black&nbsp;<\/strong>and<strong>&nbsp;Asian<\/strong> each include those who report being only one race and are not Hispanic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Civilians<\/strong> are those who were not in the armed forces at the time of completing the Current Population Survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those <a href=\"https:\/\/cps.ipums.org\/cps-action\/variables\/LABFORCE#description_section\"><strong>participating<\/strong> <strong>in the labor force<\/strong><\/a> either were at work; held a job but were temporarily absent from work due to factors like vacation or illness; were seeking work; or were temporarily laid off from a job in the week before taking the Current Population Survey. In this report, the labor force participation rate is shown only for civilians ages 25 to 64.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The phrases <a href=\"https:\/\/cps.ipums.org\/cps-action\/variables\/NCHILD#description_section\"><strong>living with children<\/strong> or <strong>living with their own child<\/strong><\/a> describe individuals living with at least one of their own stepchildren, adopted children or biological children, regardless of the children\u2019s ages. The phrases <strong>not living with children <\/strong>or <strong>not living with their own child <\/strong>describe individuals who have no children or whose children do not live with them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Occupation<\/strong> and <strong>occupational groups<\/strong> describe the occupational category of someone\u2019s current job, or \u2013 if unemployed \u2013 most recent job. In this report we measure occupation among civilians participating in the labor force. Occupational groups are adapted from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/cps\/methodology\/Occupation%20Codes.pdf\">U.S. Census Bureau\u2019s occupation classification list from 2018 onward<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hourly earnings<\/strong>, <strong>hourly wages<\/strong> and <strong>hourly pay<\/strong> all refer to the amount an employee reported making per hour at the time of taking the Current Population Survey where they were employed by someone else. <strong>Median hourly wages<\/strong> were calculated only for those ages 25 to 64 who were <em>not <\/em>self-employed. Calculated median hourly wages shared in this report are adjusted for inflation to 2023. (A <strong>median<\/strong> means that half of a given population \u2013 for example, Hispanic women \u2013 earned more than the stated wage, and half earned less.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Breadwinners<\/strong> refer to those living with a spouse or partner, both ages 25 to 64, who make over 60% of their and their partner\u2019s combined, positive income from all sources. Those <strong>in egalitarian relationships<\/strong> make 40% to 60% of the combined income. For those who make less than 40% of the combined income, their <strong>spouse or partner is the breadwinner<\/strong>. This analysis was conducted among both opposite-sex and same-sex couples.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Half of Latinas say the situation of Hispanic women in the United States is better now than it was 10 years ago, and a similar share say the situation will improve in the next 10 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/?attachment_id=167151\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e4e0dd\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"990\"  srcset=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/05\/RE_2024.05.15_latinas-gains_0-01.png?resize=480,766 480w, https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/05\/RE_2024.05.15_latinas-gains_0-01.png?resize=620,990 620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 480px, (max-width: 782px) 782px, 640px\" src=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2024\/05\/RE_2024.05.15_latinas-gains_0-01.png\" alt=\"Bar charts showing that half of Latinas say the situation of U.S. Hispanic women has improved, yet two-thirds say the gender pay gap is a big problem for Hispanic women today. Half of Latinas also say they expect the situation of Hispanic women in the country to improve in the next ten years.\" class=\"wp-image-167151 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e4e0dd; width:310px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Still, 39% of Latinas say that the situation has stayed the same, and 34% say it will not change in the next 10 years. Two-thirds (66%) say the <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/social-trends\/2023\/03\/01\/the-enduring-grip-of-the-gender-pay-gap\/\">gender pay gap<\/a> \u2013 the fact that women earn less money, on average, than men \u2013 is a big problem for Hispanic women today, according to new analysis of Pew Research Center\u2019s National Survey of Latinos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At 22.2 million, Latinas account for 17% of all adult women in the U.S. today. Their population grew by 5.6 million from 2010 to 2022, the largest numeric increase of any major female racial or ethnic group.[1. Latinas\u2019 population size and growth rate from 2010 to 2022 were calculated using the 2010 and 2022 American Community Surveys, accessed through IPUMS. The rest of the demographic analysis in this post uses data from the Current Population Survey.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Latinas\u2019 mixed assessments reflect their group\u2019s gains in education and at work over the last two decades, but also stalled progress in closing wage gaps with other groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hispanic women are<\/strong> <strong>more likely to have a bachelor\u2019s degree <\/strong>today (23% in 2023) than they were in 2013 (16%). More Hispanic women than ever are also <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/short-reads\/2023\/10\/03\/key-facts-about-us-latinos-with-graduate-degrees\/\">completing graduate degrees<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hispanic women have increased their labor force participation rate<\/strong> by 4 percentage points, from 65% in 2013 to 69% in 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>median hourly wage of Hispanic women has increased<\/strong> by 17% in the last decade. In 2023, their median hourly wage was $19.23, up from $16.47 in 2013 (in 2023 dollars).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite this progress, <strong>Hispanic women\u2019s pay gaps with their peers haven\u2019t significantly improved <\/strong>in recent years:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The gender pay gap among Hispanics persists with no significant change.<\/strong> In 2023, Hispanic women earned 85 cents (at the median) for every dollar earned by Hispanic men, compared with 89 cents per dollar in 2013 (and 87 cents per dollar in 2003).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hispanic women continue to lag non-Hispanic women in earnings<\/strong>, with no significant improvement in the past decade. In 2023, the median Hispanic woman made 77 cents for each dollar earned by the median non-Hispanic woman, compared with 75 cents per dollar in 2013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The pay gap between Hispanic women and White men has changed only slightly<\/strong>. In 2023, Hispanic women earned 62 cents of every dollar earned by non-Hispanic White men, up from 59 cents per dollar in 2013.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, Hispanic women lag Hispanic men and non-Hispanic women in labor force participation, and they lag non-Hispanic women in educational attainment. <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/05\/15\/how-latinas-educational-and-economic-situation-has-changed-in-the-last-two-decades\/\">Read more in Chapter 2<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among Latinas who are employed, about half (49%) say their current job is best described as \u201cjust a job to get them by.\u201d Fewer see their job as a career (30%) or a steppingstone to a career (14%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pew Research Center\u2019s bilingual 2023 National Survey of Latinos \u2013 conducted Nov. 6-19, 2023, among 5,078 Hispanic adults, including 2,600 Hispanic women \u2013 explores what it\u2019s like to be a Latina in the U.S. today. This report uses findings from our 2023 survey as well as demographic and economic data from the Current Population Survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following chapters take a closer look at:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/05\/15\/how-latinas-view-hispanic-womens-situation-in-the-u-s\/\">How Latinas view the progress and future situation of Hispanic women in the U.S.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/05\/15\/how-latinas-educational-and-economic-situation-has-changed-in-the-last-two-decades\/\">What government data tells us about Latinas\u2019 progress in the labor market, earnings and educational attainment<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/05\/15\/educational-and-economic-differences-among-latinas-today\/\">How Latinas\u2019 educational and economic outcomes vary<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>For additional survey findings on what it means to be a Latina in the U.S. today and the daily pressures they face, read our report <a href=\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/2024\/05\/14\/a-majority-of-latinas-feel-pressure-to-support-their-families-or-to-succeed-at-work\/\">\u201cA Majority of Latinas Feel Pressure To Support Their Families or To Succeed at Work.\u201d<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Government data shows gains in education, employment and earnings for Hispanic women, but gaps with other groups remain.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":377,"featured_media":167765,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sub_headline":"Government data shows gains in education, employment and earnings for Hispanic women, but gaps with other groups remain","sub_title":"Government data shows gains in 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of Latinas Say Hispanic Women\u2019s Situation Has Improved in the Past Decade and Expect More Gains","slug":"half-of-latinas-say-hispanic-womens-situation-has-improved-in-the-past-decade-and-expect-more-gains","link":"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/race-and-ethnicity\/2024\/05\/15\/half-of-latinas-say-hispanic-womens-situation-has-improved-in-the-past-decade-and-expect-more-gains\/","is_active":true},{"id":167067,"title":"1. 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