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<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nThe ATP was created in 2014, with the first cohort of panelists invited to join the panel at the end of a large, national, landline and cellphone random-digit-dial survey that was conducted in both English and Spanish. Two additional recruitments were conducted using the same method in 2015 and 2017, respectively. Across these three surveys, a total of 19,718 adults were invited to join the ATP, of whom 9,942 (50%) agreed to participate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In August 2018, the ATP switched from telephone to address-based recruitment. Invitations were sent to a random, address-based sample of households selected from the U.S. Postal Service\u2019s Delivery Sequence File. Two additional recruitments were conducted using the same method in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Across these three address-based recruitments, a total of 18,493 adults were invited to join the ATP, of whom 16,310 (88%) agreed to join the panel and completed an initial profile survey. In each household, the adult with the next birthday was asked to go online to complete a survey, at the end of which they were invited to join the panel. Of the 26,252 individuals who have ever joined the ATP, 14,705 remained active panelists and continued to receive survey invitations at the time this survey was conducted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The U.S. Postal Service\u2019s Delivery Sequence File has been estimated to cover as much as 98% of the population, although some studies suggest that the coverage could be in the low 90% range.[1. AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling. 2016. \u201cAAPOR Report: Address-based Sampling<\/a>.\u201d] The American Trends Panel never uses breakout routers or chains that direct respondents to additional surveys. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Ipsos KnowledgePanel is an online probability-based panel representative of the U.S. adult population. Households without internet connection are provided with a web-enabled device and free internet service. KnowledgePanel\u2019s recruitment process was originally based on a national RDD sampling methodology. In 2009, the panel switched to using an ABS methodology. Additional information about the recruitment, sampling and weighting procedures for the Ipsos KnowledgePanel are available here. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The overall target population for this survey was non-institutionalized persons ages 18 and older, living in the U.S., including Alaska and Hawaii. The ATP sample consisted of all current panel members. The KnowledgePanel sample included an oversample of KnowledgePanel members ages 18 to 24. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with Ipsos. The web program was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices by the Ipsos project management team and Pew Research Center researchers. The Ipsos project management team also populated test data which was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n All respondents were offered a post-paid incentive for their participation. Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or a gift code to Amazon.com or could choose to decline the incentive. Incentive amounts ranged from $5 to $20 depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is harder or easier to reach. Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ipsos operates an ongoing modest incentive program for KnowledgePanel to encourage participation and create member loyalty. The incentive program includes special raffles and sweepstakes with both cash rewards and other prizes to be won. Typically, panel members are assigned no more than one survey per week. On average, panel members complete two to three surveys per month with durations of 10 to 15 minutes per survey. An additional incentive is usually provided for longer surveys. For this survey, KnowledgePanel members were offered 10,000 points (equivalent to $10) in addition to the regular incentive program on April 26, 2021, at 8:30pm Eastern to those who hadn\u2019t responded yet in an attempt to boost the number of responses from KnowledgePanel members. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The data collection field period for this survey was April 20 to April 29, 2021. Postcard notifications were mailed to all ATP panelists with a known residential address on April 20, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Invitations were sent out in two separate launches: Soft Launch and Full Launch. Sixty ATP panelists and 490 KP panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with an initial invitation sent on April 20, 2021. The ATP panelists chosen for the initial soft launch were known responders who had completed previous ATP surveys within one day of receiving their invitation. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on April 21, 2021. <\/p>\n\n\n\n All panelists with an email address received an email invitation and up to three email reminders if they did not respond to the survey. All ATP panelists that consented to SMS messages received an SMS invitation and up to three SMS reminders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To ensure high-quality data, the Center\u2019s researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing clear patterns of satisficing. This includes checking for very high rates of leaving questions blank, as well as always selecting the first or last answer presented. As a result of this checking, nine ATP respondents were removed from the survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The ATP data was weighted in a multistep process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the survey process. First, each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of selection for their initial recruitment survey (and the probability of being invited to participate in the panel in cases where only a subsample of respondents were invited). The base weights for panelists recruited in different years are scaled to be proportionate to the effective sample size for all active panelists in their cohort. To correct for nonresponse to the initial recruitment surveys and gradual panel attrition, the base weights for all active panelists are calibrated to align with the population benchmarks identified in the accompanying table to create a full-panel weight. <\/p>\n\n\n\n For ATP waves in which only a subsample of panelists are invited to participate, a wave-specific base weight is created by adjusting the full-panel weights for subsampled panelists to account for any differential probabilities of selection for the particular panel wave. For waves in which all active panelists are invited to participate, the wave-specific base weight is identical to the full-panel weight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In the final weighting step, the wave-specific base weights for panelists who completed the survey are again calibrated to match the population benchmarks specified above. These weights are trimmed (typically at about the 1st and 99th percentiles) to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights. Sampling errors and test of statistical significance take into account the effect of weighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The following table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request. In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To create upper-, middle- and lower-income tiers, respondents\u2019 2019 family incomes were adjusted for differences in purchasing power by geographic region and for household size. \u201cMiddle-income\u201d adults live in families with annual incomes that are two-thirds to double the median family income in the panel (after incomes have been adjusted for the local cost of living and for household size). The middle-income range for the American Trends Panel is about $38,900 to $116,800 annually for an average family of three. Lower-income families have incomes less than roughly $38,900, and upper-income families have incomes greater than roughly $116,800 (all figures expressed in 2019 dollars). <\/p>\n\n\n\n Based on these adjustments, 30% are lower income, 46% are middle income and 19% fall into the upper-income tier. An additional 5% either didn\u2019t offer a response to the income question or to the household size question. <\/p>\n\n\n\n For more information about how the income tiers were determined, please see here<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\nAbout the Ipsos KnowledgePanel <\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Sample design<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Questionnaire development and testing<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Incentives <\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Data collection protocol <\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"Table](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PS_2021.05.26_climate-and-generations_M-02.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nData quality checks <\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Weighting <\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"Table](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PS_2021.05.26_climate-and-generations_M-03.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"Table](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PS_2021.05.26_climate-and-generations_M-04.png?w=420\")
<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nDispositions and response rates<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"Table](\"https:\/\/alpha.pewresearch.org\/pewresearch-org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2021\/05\/PS_2021.05.26_climate-and-generations_M-05.png?w=640\")
<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nAdjusting income and defining income tiers<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
A note about the Asian sample <\/h4>\n\n\n\n