Migration has grown steadily in recent decades. Today, more than 280 million people, or 3.6% of the world’s population, are international migrants – meaning they live outside their country of birth.

Christians made up an estimated 47% of all people living outside their country of birth as of 2020, the latest year for which global figures are available, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of United Nations data and 270 censuses and surveys.

Muslims accounted for 29% of all living migrants, followed by Hindus (5%), Buddhists (4%) and Jews (1%).

The religiously unaffiliated – i.e., those who say they have no religion, or who identify as atheist or agnostic – represented 13% of all the people who have left their country of birth and are now living elsewhere.¹

Over the past three decades, the total number – or stock – of people living as international migrants has increased by 83%, outpacing global population growth of 47%.

This report focuses on stocks rather than flows of migrants. We are counting all adults and children who now live outside their countries of birth, no matter when they left.

We are not trying to estimate how many­­­ move in a single year.

While the religious makeup of migration flows can change drastically from year to year – due to wars, economic crises and natural disasters – the total stock of migrants changes more slowly, reflecting patterns that have accumulated over time.

The religious makeup of all international migrants has remained relatively stable since 1990.

Our analysis finds:

• Christians make up a much larger share of migrants (47%) than they do of the world’s population (30%). Mexico is the most common origin country for Christian migrants, and the United States is their most common destination.
• Muslims account for a slightly larger share of migrants (29%) than of the world’s population (25%). Syria is the most common origin country for Muslim migrants, and Muslims often move to places in the Middle East-North Africa region, like Saudi Arabia.
• People without a religion make up a smaller percentage of migrants (13%) than of the global population (23%).² China is the most common origin country for religiously unaffiliated migrants, and the U.S. is their most common destination.
• Hindus are starkly underrepresented among international migrants (5%) compared with their share of the global population (15%). India is both the most common country of origin and the top destination for Hindu migrants.
• Buddhists make up 4% of the world’s population and 4% of its international migrants. Myanmar (also called Burma) is the most common origin country for Buddhist migrants, while Thailand is their most common destination.
• Jews form a much larger share of migrants (1%) than of the world’s population (0.2%). Israel is the most frequent origin country among Jewish migrants and also their top destination.
• Of the major religious groups, Jews are by far the likeliest to have migrated. One-in-five Jews reside outside of their country of birth, compared with smaller shares of Christians (6%), Muslims (4%), Hindus (1%), Buddhists (4%) and the religiously unaffiliated (2%).

How religion is connected with migration

People move internationally for many reasons, such as to find jobs, get an education or join family members. But religion and migration are often closely connected.

Many migrants have moved to escape religious persecution or to live among people who hold similar religious beliefs. Often people move and take their religion with them, contributing to gradual changes in their new country’s religious makeup. Sometimes, though, migrants shed the religion they grew up with and adopt their new host country’s majority religion, some other religion or no religion.³

While the migration patterns of religious groups differ, the groups in this analysis also have a lot in common. For example, migrants frequently go to countries where their religious identity is already prevalent: Many Muslims have moved to Saudi Arabia, while Jews have gravitated toward Israel. Christians and religiously unaffiliated migrants have the same top three destination countries: the U.S., Germany and Russia.

And, regardless of their religion, migrants often move from relatively poor or dangerous places to countries where they hope to find prosperity and safety.

These are among the key findings of a Pew Research Center analysis of international migrants around the world. The study is part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project, which seeks to understand global religious change and its impact on societies.

The rest of this report contains chapters on:

• Chapter 1: Migrants living in each region
• Chapter 2: Global migration change, 1990-2020
• Chapter 3: Christian migrants around the world
• Chapter 4: Muslim migrants around the world
• Chapter 5: Religiously unaffiliated migrants around the world
• Chapter 6: Hindu migrants around the world
• Chapter 7: Buddhist migrants around the world
• Chapter 8: Jewish migrants around the world
• Geographic spotlights: A closer look at Europe, GCC countries, India and the United States

Generally speaking, migrants tend to move to regions where their religion is common among the native-born population. This may be due to religious similarities within regions – many migrants move to nearby countries – as well as the appeal of moving into a religiously familiar community.

For example, Christians make up a majority of immigrants living in Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, Europe and sub-Saharan Africa – all regions with large existing Christian populations. Muslims are by far the biggest group of migrants in the Middle East-North Africa region.

However, some regions also receive large numbers of migrants who identify with minority religions – enough to significantly increase the presence of some small groups in some countries.

(In a few countries, including the United Kingdom, census data collected since 2020 provides migrant counts that differ substantially from the estimates in this report. Refer to the Methodology for details.)

For example, a Pew Research Center analysis in 2017 found that an influx of Muslim migrants helped increase the share of Europe’s overall population that is Muslim from 4% in 2010 to 5% in 2016 and made larger shifts in some individual countries. Syria was the most common origin for Muslims who migrated to Europe during this period, and most arrived as refugees fleeing Syria’s civil war.

Asia and the Pacific

Just 1% of the Asia-Pacific population is composed of migrants, the smallest share of any region in this study. Asia and the Pacific hosts 55.1 million immigrants of a wide array of faiths, 70% of whom moved from another country (or in some cases, territory) within the region.

Religious composition

Like the region’s native-born population, immigrants in Asia and the Pacific are religiously diverse. One-third are Muslim, just under a quarter are Christian, and most of the rest are about evenly divided between the religiously unaffiliated, Buddhists and Hindus. Migrants living in the Asia-Pacific region are more likely than the overall population to be Christian, Muslim or Buddhist, but they are less likely to be religiously unaffiliated or Hindu.

Most common origins

Migrants living in the Asia-Pacific region are most likely to have come from China (6.4 million); Afghanistan (4.6 million); Russia (4.2 million); Syria (3.9 million); and Myanmar, also called Burma (3.4 million).

Most common destinations

Australia hosts more immigrants than any other country in the region (7.7 million), followed by Turkey (6.1 million), India (4.9 million), Kazakhstan (3.7 million) and Thailand (3.6 million).

Europe

Roughly 86.8 million international migrants live in Europe, the largest number of any region in this study. About 12% of people in Europe are living outside their country of birth, of which more than half were born in another European country. These figures include people who have migrated within the European Union and those who came from non-EU countries, such as Russia. (Refer to Appendix A for details on which countries are included in each region.)

Religious composition

Most migrants in Europe (56%) are Christian. An estimated 20% are religiously unaffiliated and 18% are Muslim. Europe’s overall population is 72% Christian, 20% unaffiliated and 7% Muslim. (Refer to the “Spotlight on Europe” sidebar for an analysis of the compositional differences between migrants from outside and within Europe.)

Most common origins

As of 2020, the largest populations of international migrants living in Europe were from Russia (6.5 million) and Ukraine (5.0 million), as well as from Poland, Kazakhstan and Romania (each with about 4 million immigrants).⁴

Most common destinations

Germany was home to the largest number of immigrants in the region (15.8 million), followed by Russia (11.6 million), the United Kingdom (9.4 million), France (8.5 million) and Spain (6.8 million).

Latin America and the Caribbean

There are 14.8 million immigrants living outside their country of origin in Latin America and the Caribbean. Most of them (78%) were born in the region. This migrant population – the smallest of any region analyzed here – makes up an estimated 2% of all people living in the area.

Religious composition

An estimated 83% of immigrants in the Latin America-Caribbean region are Christian, and 11% are unaffiliated. Both figures are similar to those religious groups’ shares of the overall population. Every country in the region has a Christian majority.

Most common origins

Venezuela is the most frequent country of origin for migrants in the Latin America-Caribbean region, with 4.5 million Venezuelan migrants living in the region. The next most common origin countries are Colombia (1.5 million), the United States (1.3 million), Haiti (900,000) and Paraguay (760,000).

Most common destinations

The countries in the region that host the largest numbers of migrants are Argentina (2.3 million), Colombia (1.9 million), Chile (1.6 million), Venezuela (1.3 million) and Peru (1.2 million).

Middle East and North Africa

Forty-three million people in the Middle East-North Africa region – or 10% of the region’s overall population – were born in another country (or in some cases, territory). This includes many migrant workers from within the region or from Asia who are living in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.

Religious composition

About three-quarters of the region’s immigrants are estimated to be Muslim, while 12% are Christian and 8% Hindu. Another 4% are Jewish; they primarily live in Israel. The region’s overall population is 93% Muslim, 4% Christian and 1% Jewish.

Most common origins

People born in India are by far the largest group of migrants in the Middle East and North Africa, with 9.9 million Indians living there. Many Indians and others from South Asia come to GCC countries to work and eventually return home. (Read the “Spotlight on India” and “Spotlight on the Gulf Cooperation Council countries” sections for more details.)

About 4.0 million immigrants in the Middle East-North Africa region were born in the Palestinian territories, and many others come from Bangladesh (3.6 million), Pakistan (3.5 million) and Syria (3.2 million).⁵

Most common destinations

About half of the region’s immigrants live in Saudi Arabia (13.5 million) or the United Arab Emirates (8.7 million). Jordan and Kuwait follow distantly with around 3 million immigrants each, and Oman hosts 2.4 million.

North America

Fifty-nine million people from all over the world live as immigrants in North America. This population makes up 16% of all North Americans, the highest percentage of any major region in the study. (Europe has the largest number of immigrants, however.)

(Mexico is considered part of the Latin America-Caribbean region in this analysis. Refer to the Methodology for details on how we defined regions.)

Religious composition

Roughly seven-in-ten international migrants in North America are Christian and 14% are religiously unaffiliated. Muslims (8%), Hindus (5%), Buddhists (3%), people of “other religions” (2%) and Jews (1%) make up smaller shares. 

Compared with the overall U.S. population – in which 70% of people have a religious affiliation and 30% do not – international migrants are more likely to claim a religious affiliation and less likely to be religiously unaffiliated. 

Most common origins

About 11.9 million international migrants in North America were born in Mexico, by far the most common place of origin, followed by 3.7 million from India, 3.1 million from China, 2.9 million from the Philippines and 2.0 million from Puerto Rico. (The United Nations categorizes Puerto Rico as a separate entity from the U.S., even though Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens at birth.)

Most common destinations

The U.S. is home to some 50.6 million immigrants, making it the world’s top destination country for international migrants. Overall, 15% of Americans are immigrants. (These numbers are slightly higher than Pew Research Center estimates published earlier this year, largely due to the way the UN categorizes people born in Puerto Rico. Read more in the “Spotlight on the United States” section.) Canada hosts 8 million immigrants, making up 21% of its population.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa has 22.2 million international migrants. Only 2% of people in the region live outside their country (or in some cases, territory) of birth.

Religious composition

Migrants in sub-Saharan Africa are 54% Christian and 37% Muslim. Another 5% are from “other religions” — including traditional African religions — and 4% are estimated to be religiously unaffiliated. By comparison, the region’s overall population is 62% Christian and 31% Muslim.

Most common origins

Many of the migrants living in the region were born in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1.9 million), South Sudan (1.7 million), Burkina Faso (1.6 million) and Mali (1.2 million).

Most common destinations

South Africa hosts the largest immigrant population in the region (2.9 million), followed by Ivory Coast (2.6 million), Uganda (1.7 million), Nigeria (1.3 million) and Ethiopia (1.1 million).

Distance traveled by migrants

The average international migrant traveled an estimated 2,200 miles between their origin and destination countries.⁶ But the typical distance for migrants to have traveled varies by religious affiliation.

Hindus tend to have made the longest moves, with an average of 3,100 miles between their country of birth and where they currently live, largely because many have traveled from India to far-flung destinations like the U.S. and the UK.

The shortest moves are made by Muslims, whose birth and destination countries are separated by an average of 1,700 miles. Jews, Christians, Buddhists and the religiously unaffiliated all tend to have migrated similar distances, typically between 2,300 and 2,500 miles.

Refer to our “Geographic spotlights” section for in-depth analyses of migration in Europe, GCC countries, India and the United States.

The number of people living outside their country of birth rose by 83% between 1990 and 2020, from 153 million to 281 million. Migration during this timespan outpaced growth in the global population, which rose by 47% to 7.8 billion people.

The number of Buddhist and Muslim migrants more than doubled during this period. Other groups of migrants grew more modestly – Christians by 80%, the religiously unaffiliated by 67%, Hindus by 48% and Jews by 28%.

However, the religious composition of the global migrant population has not changed dramatically from a few decades ago. This is largely because the sizes of each migrant stock were so unequal in 1990. Even though the migrant populations have grown at different rates in recent decades, their mix in 2020 still reflects the large differences in their initial sizes in 1990.

Several major political and economic events in recent decades had big impacts on the migration patterns of individual religious groups.

For example, the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused a surge of Jewish migrants to Israel and the United States. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that took effect in 1994 contributed to agricultural unemployment in Mexico that sent millions of Christian migrants to the U.S.⁷ The Syrian civil war, which began in 2011, pushed millions of Muslims into countries including Turkey, Germany and Lebanon.

Historic events that happened before 1990 also played a role in shaping the patterns described in this report.

For example, during India’s 1947 Partition, millions of Muslims migrated north to the newly created country of Pakistan (which at the time included modern-day Bangladesh). Between 1990 and 2020, many of these migrants reached the ends of their lives, bringing down Pakistan’s foreign-born population.

Growth of migrants among each religious group, 1990-2020

• Christian migrants grew from 72.7 million in 1990 to 130.9 million in 2020 – an 80% increase. Over the decades, the share of migrants worldwide who are Christian has ranged from 47% to 49%.
• Muslim migrants increased from 39.9 million to 80.4 million (up 102%). During this time, Muslims have always made up between 24% and 29% of migrants globally.
• Religiously unaffiliated migrants grew from 21.8 million to 36.4 million (up 67%). Since 1990, an estimated 13% to 15% of international migrants have been unaffiliated.
• Hindu migrants increased from 9.1 million to 13.5 million (up 48%). Hindus have consistently made up between 5% and 6% of the world’s migrant population.
• Buddhist migrants grew from 4.6 million to 10.9 million (up 137%). Buddhists have made up a stable 3% to 4% of the international migrant population over the past few decades.
• Jewish migrants grew from 2.3 million to 3.0 million (up 28%). Jews have consistently represented between 1% and 2% of migrants globally.

Regional patterns over time

Since 1990, the migrant populations in each destination region have grown at different rates.

The rate of growth since 1990 has been greatest in the Middle East-North Africa region (up 185%). The Asia-Pacific region has had the smallest increase (up 38%).

Most major religions have seen their migrant numbers rise in every region. But some groups have seen a decline in their migrant shares (the percentage their religion makes up of all migrants in the region).

As in other parts of this report, migrants are defined here as people who are living outside their country (or in some cases, territory) of birth, regardless of when they moved or how far. Many have stayed in the region in which they were born.

Asia-Pacific

The total number of international migrants living in the Asia-Pacific region grew by 38% between 1990 and 2020, reaching 55 million in 2020.

The region’s overall population – which in 1990 was already the world’s largest – grew 43% in this period, to 4.5 billion.

Migrants made up 1% of the region’s population in both 1990 and in 2020. Growth was concentrated between 2005 and 2020, driven by large increases from Syria, Myanmar (also called Burma) and China.

Hindus were the only major religious group with a migrant population that declined in absolute numbers.

Muslims were the largest migrant group in Asia both in 1990 and in 2020. Between these years, the number of Muslim migrants living in the region grew by 28% to 19.1 million.

However, there was an initial decrease in the Muslim migrant population between 1990 and 1995, as Afghanistan-born Muslims returned home after the Soviet occupation ended in 1989. Many Muslims who moved due to India’s 1947 Partition also died over the years. Since 2010, there has been sharp growth in Muslim migrants in the region, as new conflicts have unfolded in Syria and Myanmar.

Christians, the region’s second-largest group of migrants, have grown by 36% over the decades, to 12.9 million in 2020. About 3 million Christian migrants living in Asia were born in Russia, down from 3.6 million in 1990.  

Religiously unaffiliated migrants in the Asia-Pacific region increased by 80% between 1990 and 2020, to nearly 8 million.

Buddhists are the second-largest group of migrants – behind religiously unaffiliated migrants – living in Asia-Pacific countries. Buddhist migrants grew by 146% from 1990 to 2020. This makes Buddhists the fastest-growing migrant group in the region, even though their total count (7.8 million in 2020) is much smaller than Muslim migrants’ numbers. Buddhists born in Myanmar were particularly likely to have migrated during this period, with their population increasing seven times to roughly 2 million in 2020.

While other migrant groups were growing, the Hindu figure dropped by 16%, to 6 million. This decline was due in part to the gradual death of Hindu migrants who had moved around the time of India’s 1947 Partition.

Since 1990, Jews have been the smallest migrant group in the Asia-Pacific region. While the Jewish migrant population grew by 69%, it remained tiny at an estimated 130,000 in 2020.

Europe

The total number of international migrants living in Europe has risen by 74% since 1990, approaching 87 million in 2020. The region’s overall population grew by just 3% over this period, to nearly 750 million.

As a result, migrants jumped from 7% of the region’s total population in 1990 to 12% in 2020. And migrants from every major religious group increased in number.

Christians were by far the largest migrant group across the decades. Since 1990, the number of Christian migrants has grown by 71% to nearly 49 million in 2020.

Christian migrants from Russia and Ukraine were most numerous in both 1990 and 2020. But the largest growth in numbers came from Poland and Romania.

Since 1990, the number of religiously unaffiliated migrants increased by 53% – the least of any group – to more than 17 million in 2020. During this time, much of Europe’s native-born population has been secularizing, and the relatively moderate growth of unaffiliated migrants has dampened that shift.

Muslims make up the third-largest migrant group in Europe. Their number doubled to almost 16 million in 2020, as many Muslims came to Europe from Morocco, Syria, Turkey and Pakistan.⁸

All other religious groups accounted for far fewer people over these years, never totaling much more than 2% of the migrant population each.

Still, the number of Buddhist migrants in Europe more than doubled to 1.3 million, and Hindus grew at a similar rate to 1.1 million. Many Buddhists arrived from China and Thailand during these decades, while Hindus tended to arrive from India.

People in the “other religions” category, including many Sikhs and Jains from India, experienced the largest growth in percentage terms, nearly tripling from an estimated 530,000 in 1990 to almost 1.5 million in 2020.

The Jewish migrant population in Europe increased by 60% from 1990 to 2020, bringing their total to 630,000. Jews were the smallest major religious group among the region’s migrants in both 1990 and 2020.

Latin America-Caribbean

International migrants in Latin America and the Caribbean have more than doubled over the past three decades, reaching nearly 15 million in 2020 (up 107%). During this time, the region’s overall population increased by 47% to 652 million.

Still, migrants made up just 2% of residents in the Latin America-Caribbean region in 2020, about the same as in 1990. 

Much of the growth in the migrant population occurred between 2015 and 2020, as many Venezuelans escaped economic and political instability at home to settle in nearby countries.

The surge in migrants since 2015 is most apparent in the Christian population, partly because migrants from Venezuela are predominantly Christian.

The number of Christian migrants in the region has more than doubled since 1990, topping 12 million in 2020. Most were born in the region, and 9% were born in the U.S.

Religiously unaffiliated migrants living in Latin America increased by 81% since 1990 to reach a population of 1.7 million. Again, this growth was mostly the result of people leaving Venezuela.

Jews are the next-largest single group among migrants in the region, having grown by 52% between 1990 and 2020.

Since 1990, Buddhist migrants in Latin America and the Caribbean have grown by 39% to 140,000, Muslims by 90% to 130,000 and Hindus by 44% to 30,000.

Middle East-North Africa

International migrants in the Middle East and North Africa have nearly tripled since 1990 (up 185%), reaching 43 million in 2020, while the region’s overall population almost doubled to 436 million (up 97%).

Migrants made up 7% of the region’s population in 1990 and 10% in 2020.

Roughly a quarter of the region’s migrants were born in India – the top origin country for several religious groups coming to the region.

Millions of others came from the Palestinian territories, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Syria.⁹ Some migration in the region is circular, with migrants moving back and forth to work and return home.

Most migrants living in the Middle East-North Africa region are Muslim. Since 1990, their number has nearly tripled, to about 32 million. India is the top country of origin for the region’s Muslim migrants, followed by the Palestinian territories and Bangladesh.

While India’s population is only 15% Muslim, migrants who leave India are disproportionately of minority religions, and most Indian migrants to the Middle East and North Africa are Muslim.

Christians make up the second-largest group of migrants in the Middle East-North Africa region. Since 1990, the region’s Christian migrant population has more than tripled, approaching 5.0 million.

As of 2020, almost a third of all Christians in the region live outside their country (or in some cases, territory) of birth. India is the largest source of migrant Christians in the region.

Hindus are the third-largest religious group among migrants in the region, having surpassed Jews by 2010. Hindus saw the largest percentage increase, multiplying almost five times since 1990, to over 3 million. The vast majority of Hindu migrants in the Middle East and North Africa have come from India, which is one of only two Hindu-majority countries in the world. (The other is Nepal, which was also a top origin country of Hindu migrants in the region.)

The stock of Jewish migrants in the Middle East-North Africa region increased by 11% to 1.6 million between 1990 and 2020. Israel is home to all but 60,000 of the region’s Jewish migrants. There was rapid Jewish migration to the area before and after Israel’s independence in 1948, and another major spurt took place after the collapse of the Soviet Union. More than 1 million people moved to Israel from the former Soviet Union between 1990 and 2017. But migration to Israel has slowed over time. Many of the migrants who came to Israel in recent decades are no longer living in the country due to death or subsequent migration to another country.

Religiously unaffiliated migrants in the region have grown by 60% over the decades, reaching an estimated 510,000 in 2020. Buddhist migrants have grown by 250%, yet total only about 70,000.

North America

International migrants in North America have more than doubled since 1990 (up 113%), approaching 59 million in 2020.

Overall, 374 million people lived in the region as of 2020, up 36% since 1990.

Migrants made up 10% of North America’s population in 1990 and 16% in 2020.

Most of these migrants live in the U.S. and Canada, which, when combined, have more migrants than all of Asia and the Pacific.

Nearly 12 million migrants living in North America were born in Mexico. That’s roughly triple the number from the next-largest origin country, India.

Christians make up around two-thirds of migrants in the region, down slightly from 72% in 1990. Yet the absolute number of Christian migrants living in North America has doubled since 1990, approaching 40 million in 2020.

More than a quarter of North America’s Christian migrants in 2020 – over 11 million – came from Mexico, up from 4.7 million in 1990. The region also saw sizable increases in Christian residents who were born in the Philippines, Guatemala and El Salvador – all Christian-majority countries.  

The religiously unaffiliated make up the second-largest share of migrants in the region, as they do in the overall population. Religiously unaffiliated migrants grew by 89% to more than 8 million in 2020. Over 2 million unaffiliated migrants came to the region from China.

The stock of Muslim migrants in North America has risen by 260% to nearly 4.7 million as of 2020. Almost 600,000 of them came from Pakistan, while 490,000 came from Iran and 350,000 were born in Iraq.

In percentage terms, there has been a similar increase among Hindu migrants, who grew by 267% between 1990 and 2010 to just over 3 million. More than 2 million were born in India.

Buddhist migrants have more than doubled to roughly 1.6 million. More than 760,000 Buddhists living in North America were born in Vietnam, and 400,000 were born in China.

The stock of Jewish migrants in North America has increased the least, up 40% since 1990 to an estimated 470,000. There was a sizable wave of Jewish migration from the former Soviet Union to the U.S. and Canada from the 1970s through the 1990s, but it has been partially offset by deaths among prior generations of Jewish migrants from Europe, including many who lived in North America after escaping the Holocaust.

Sub-Saharan Africa

The migrant population in sub-Saharan Africa increased by 67% between 1990 and 2020 and now comprises more than 22 million individuals. Over the past three decades, the region’s overall population more than doubled to 1.1 billion, making it the second-most populous region in the world.

Migrants made up 3% of the regional population in 1990 and 2% in 2020.

Movement in sub-Saharan Africa has been driven by people fleeing armed conflicts and other forms of strife, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. But there has also been return migration to some countries. For example, the number of Rwandan and Mozambiquan migrants has declined after civil wars there ended in the early 1990s.¹⁰

Since 1990, the religious composition of migrants living in sub-Saharan Africa has been fairly stable.

As in most broad geographic regions in this study, Christians are the largest religious group among migrants in sub-Saharan Africa. The stock of Christian migrants in the region grew by an estimated 62% to more than 12 million between 1990 and 2020.

The most common origin countries for Christian migrants in the region are the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan.

Muslims are the second-largest religious group among migrants in the region, having grown by 77% to over 8 million in the decades since 1990. More than 2 million Muslims have left Burkina Faso and Mali, places where civilians are often the victims of fighting between government forces and Islamic insurgents.

Migrants in the “other religions” category have grown in sub-Saharan Africa by two-thirds since 1990, reaching 1 million in 2020. In this region, the “other religions” category includes many people who identify with traditional African religions. Burkina Faso is the most common origin country of migrants who identify with an “other religion.”

Hindu migrants are a small population in sub-Saharan Africa – constituting less than 0.5% of all migrants – but they have grown the most in percentage terms, rising 172% to 70,000.

Sub-Saharan African countries also host small populations of Buddhist and Jewish migrants. The Buddhist population has doubled since 1990 to reach 20,000, and Jewish migrants increased by 65% (though their numbers rounded to 10,000 in both years). While Buddhist migrants tend to come from Asian countries like China, Sri Lanka and Thailand, a large share of the Jewish migrant population came from Israel, and most now reside in South Africa.

Refer to our “Geographic spotlights” section for in-depth analyses of migration in Europe, GCC countries, India and the United States.

Christians are the largest religious group in the world among both migrants and nonmigrants. They are overrepresented among international migrants, accounting for 30% of the world’s overall population and 47% of all people living outside their country of birth, as of 2020.¹¹

Christian migrants have traveled an average of 2,400 miles from their origin to destination countries – roughly the same distance as Buddhists, Jews and the religiously unaffiliated. 

Most of the world’s 131 million Christian migrants live in Europe (37%) or North America (30%). About 10% are in the Asia-Pacific region, followed by a little over 9% each in the Latin America-Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa regions. Only 4% of Christian migrants live in the Middle East and North Africa.

Europe is the most common place of origin for Christian migrants (35%), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (30%). Fewer Christian migrants originated from a country in the Asia-Pacific region (17%) or sub-Saharan Africa (13%). About 2% of all Christian migrants were born in North America, and 2% were born in the Middle East-North Africa region.

Destinations

Christians tend to move to countries that already have large Christian populations, and four of their top 10 destinations are predominantly English-speaking countries. Like other religious groups, Christians often migrate to wealthy nations in search of economic opportunities. 

The United States is home to a larger total population of international migrants than any other country, including an estimated 27% (or 35.4 million) of the world’s Christian migrants.

Germany is the second-most common destination for foreign-born Christians, hosting about 6% of them (8.4 million). Like the U.S., Germany has a large native-born Christian population and a huge, dynamic economy. The most common origin of Christian migrants in Germany is Poland (1.8 million). Other Christian migrants to Germany often come from within the European region or from Kazakhstan.

As of 2020, Russia was the third-most popular destination country for Christian migrants, home to 7.2 million. Christian migrants to Russia tend to come from nearby countries like Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Russia has historically been better off economically than many surrounding nations, and it drew migrants from these places even before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Origins

With some exceptions, Christian migrants tend to come from countries that have Christian majorities and weaker economies than their neighbors.

Mexico is the most common country of origin for Christian migrants (11.3 million), accounting for 9% of the world’s Christian migrants. The majority of Christian migrants from Mexico have moved to the U.S., typically looking for jobs, improved safety or to reunite with family members who migrated earlier.

Russia is the second-most common birth country for Christian migrants (7.8 million). Christians from Russia have tended to move to nearby countries like Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Germany for work or to reunite with family.

The Philippines is the third-most common origin country for Christian migrants (5.2 million). Filipinos have often left the country to seek economic opportunities or due to political instability.

Perhaps surprisingly, India is another common source of Christian migrants, with over 3 million originating from there. Christians are a tiny minority in India, but given the large size of the country’s population, there are tens of millions of India-born Christians.

Moreover, India is one of many countries in which emigrants disproportionately come from a religious minority. Christians make up 2% of India’s population but an estimated 16% of all the people who were born in India and now reside elsewhere.

Country pairs

By far the most common pathway for Christian migrants is from Mexico to the U.S. More than 11 million Christians have taken this route. As of 2020, about 8% of the world’s stock of Christian migrants was born in Mexico and now lives in the U.S.

Bidirectional movement between Ukraine and Russia has also been common for Christians, with 2.4 million having moved in each direction as of 2020. Historically, people have often moved between these two countries for work, education and family reunification.¹²

More than 2 million Christians born in the Philippines now reside in the U.S., making this the fourth-most common path for Christian migrants globally.

Change since 1990

The total number of Christian migrants grew from 73 million in 1990 to more than 131 million in 2020 (up 80%). Christian migrants increased a little less than migrants as a whole, who grew in number by 83% over the same period.

The U.S., Germany and Spain have seen the largest rises in Christian migrants.

In the U.S., the Christian migrant stock more than doubled from 16.9 million in 1990 to 35.4 million in 2020, partly due to a surge of migrants from Mexico, the Philippines and Guatemala. 

Germany saw its Christian migrant population grow from 2.8 million to 8.4 million (up 198%). Many arrived from Poland, Kazakhstan and Russia – countries where communist regimes collapsed starting in 1989, prompting mass outflows of people to wealthier Western Europe.¹³

In Spain, the Christian migrant population jumped from fewer than 500,000 to almost 4.2 million over this timespan (up 865%). Most of this growth came from Latin America and the Caribbean, as financial crises in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela triggered recessions and caused millions of people to seek jobs elsewhere. Spain became a top destination for migrants from this region, due to a shared language and Spain’s newfound economic success as a fledgling member of the European Union.

However, the single most-common source of migrants to Spain in 2020 was Romania, which went through years of upheaval after its repressive government collapsed with the fall of the Soviet Union, leading to an exodus of Romanians to countries with more stability. The stock of Romanian Christian migrants living in Spain surged from 2,000 in 1990 to 550,000 in 2020, an increase of more than 28,000%.

On the other hand, the number of foreign-born Christians living in Ukraine fell from 4.3 million in 1990 to 3.0 million in 2020 (down 30%), and the count in Malawi dropped from 990,000 in 1990 to 170,000 (down 83%). These decreases are partly due to return migration, especially in Malawi, where large numbers of Christians from neighboring Mozambique returned after that country’s civil war ended. Shrinking Christian migrant populations in these countries are also due to deaths among earlier waves of migrants.

By origin, the largest increase in Christian migrants came from Mexico, which accounted for 4.7 million Christian migrants in 1990 versus 11.3 million in 2020 (up 139%). The vast majority of these migrants made their way to the U.S. Some migration was due to unintended consequences of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which took effect in 1994 and contributed to wide-scale unemployment for Mexican farmers. After 2006, net migration from Mexico to the U.S. stalled and then reversed, as more migrants returned to Mexico than arrived from there.

The next-largest surge came from Venezuela, which was the origin of only 160,000 Christian migrants in 1990 versus 4.6 million as of 2020, an increase of about 2,800%. Nearly all of the increase in migration out of Venezuela has occurred since 2015, when there were an estimated 550,000 Venezuelan Christians living outside their country of birth. Many have left Venezuela due to soaring inflation, political instability and escalating violence, and the flow of Venezuelans out of the country continued after 2020. 

The source countries with the steepest declines of Christian migrants were Russia, which accounted for 9.3 million emigrants in 1990 and 7.8 million in 2020 (down 15%), and Mozambique, which went from 1.9 million to 600,000 over the same period (a 68% decline). In both places, economic and political turmoil gave way to more stability, inviting return migration. Additionally, some migrants who left Russia and Mozambique before 1990 have since reached the end of their lives.

Refer to our “Geographic spotlights” section for in-depth analyses of migration in Europe and the United States.

Roughly 80 million international migrants are Muslim, representing 29% of all people living outside their country of birth. By comparison, Muslims were about 25% of the world’s total population in 2020, making Muslim identity a little more common among migrants than in the overall population.¹⁴

Muslims have moved shorter distances on average (1,700 miles) than migrants from other major religious groups, staying closer to their countries of origin. For example, large numbers of Muslims from Syria have sought refuge in nearby Turkey and Lebanon.

Muslim migrants most commonly live in the Middle East-North Africa region, which hosts 40% of them, and in the Asia-Pacific region (24%). Two-in-ten Muslim migrants live in Europe, and one-in-ten are in sub-Saharan Africa. Only 6% of all Muslim migrants now reside in North America, and even fewer live in Latin America and the Caribbean.

As of 2020, almost half of the world’s stock of Muslim migrants was born in Asia and the Pacific, the most common region of origin for Muslims who have left their country of birth. About a third of today’s Muslim migrants were born in the Middle East and North Africa, and 13% are from sub-Saharan Africa. Smaller percentages of Muslim migrants originated in Europe (6%), North America or the Latin America-Caribbean region (less than 0.5% each).

Destinations

Muslims most commonly move to countries that are wealthy, predominantly Muslim, or both.

They have migrated to many different regions: Four of Muslims’ top 10 destinations are in the Middle East and North Africa, two are in Europe, three are in Asia and the Pacific, and one (the United States) is in North America.

Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Islam, is the most common destination country for Muslim migrants by a wide margin, with an estimated 13% of all Muslim migrants (10.8 million) living there.

The Saudi kingdom also is the third-most common destination for migrants overall – roughly four-in-ten Saudi residents are foreign born. The vast majority of migrants to Saudi Arabia are Muslim (80%), as is Saudi Arabia’s overall population (93%).

The United Arab Emirates hosts over 6 million foreign-born Muslims, making it the second-most popular destination for Muslim migrants. Like Saudi Arabia, the UAE is a wealthy Muslim nation with a strong demand for foreign labor. International migrants overall make up the vast majority of the UAE’s population (94%).

Muslim migrants in Saudia Arabia and the UAE most frequently come from India.

Turkey is the third-most common destination for Muslim migrants (5.9 million) as of 2020. Turkey has been economically better off than many of its neighbors and has absorbed a large number of asylum-seekers since the Syrian civil war began in 2011. Mostly due to this influx, there were about six times as many Muslim migrants living in Turkey in 2020 as there had been a decade earlier.

The next most popular destinations for Muslim migrants are Germany and the U.S.

Origins

Like migrants as a whole – who gravitate to places that offer safety and better economic conditions – Muslim migrants often leave their birth countries to escape poverty and danger. 

The most common country of origin for Muslim migrants is Syria, where a war broke out in 2011. Fully 10% of the world’s stock of Muslim migrants (8.1 million) were born in Syria. Most have migrated to countries nearby, like Turkey and Lebanon, while some have gone as far as Europe and the U.S.

India is the second-most common country of origin among Muslim migrants, with 6.0 million living there. They are much more likely than people in the country’s Hindu majority to emigrate. Although India’s population is only 15% Muslim, an estimated 33% of all India-born migrants are Muslim.

Most Muslim migrants from India live in Muslim-majority countries with job opportunities, including the UAE (1.8 million), Saudi Arabia (1.3 million) and Oman (720,000).

Afghanistan is the third-most common origin country for Muslim migrants (5.5 million). A majority of Muslim migrants from Afghanistan live in neighboring Iran (2.7 million) or Pakistan (1.6 million). Migrants from Afghanistan have fled challenging conditions over the decades, including an occupation by the Soviet Union in the 1980s and a U.S.-led invasion in the early 2000s.

Country pairs

The most common pair of origin and destination countries for Muslim migrants is Syria to Turkey. About 3.9 million Syrian Muslims, including many war refugees, now live in Turkey.

The next most common routes for Muslims have been Afghanistan to Iran (2.7 million), and the Palestinian territories to Jordan (2.2 million).¹⁵

Change since 1990

The Muslim migrant population grew from 40 million in 1990 to 80 million in 2020 (up 102%), outpacing overall migrant growth (up 83%).

Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Turkey have seen the biggest jumps since 1990, with 16.8 million additional Muslim migrants in those three countries alone as of 2020 (a 278% rise). Saudi Arabia and the UAE have had booming economies over these years, while Turkey has seen increased migration primarily from Syria.

Elsewhere, the Muslim migrant population has declined. The number of Muslim migrants living in Pakistan dropped from 4.1 million in 1990 to 2.1 million in 2020 (a 50% drop), partly reflecting the return of Afghan migrants to their home country. During the same three decades, Iran’s population of foreign-born Muslims declined from 4.3 million to 2.8 million (down 35%).

Of all origin countries, Syria accounted for the biggest surge in Muslim migrants by far, from 570,000 in 1990 to 8.1 million in 2020, a rise of about 1,300%.

India and Pakistan also have seen sharp increases, as more and more Muslim migrants have left South Asia for work in the Persian Gulf. The worldwide stock of Muslim migrants from India grew from 2.1 million to 6 million (up 192%), while the number from Pakistan rose from 1.8 million to 5.3 million (up 202%).

The largest decrease by origin came from Afghanistan, which was the birth country of 7.4 million Muslim migrants living elsewhere in 1990, compared with 5.5 million in 2020 (down 26%). This difference reflects return migration to Afghanistan as well as the gradual death of a generation of Afghans who left their country during the Soviet occupation.

Refer to our “Geographic spotlights” section for an in-depth analysis of migration in the GCC countries.

More than 36 million international migrants are religiously unaffiliated – i.e. they say they have no religion or identify as atheist or agnostic. As of 2020, the religiously unaffiliated are underrepresented among migrants. They make up 13% of all people living outside their country of birth, but 23% of the general population.¹⁶

The religiously unaffiliated have moved an average of 2,500 miles from their countries of origin – about the same distance as Christian, Jewish and Buddhist migrants.

The lion’s share of migrants with no religious affiliation live in Europe (48%). Most of the rest are in North America (22%) and the Asia-Pacific region (22%), while only 5% live in Latin America and the Caribbean. Even smaller shares of unaffiliated migrants reside in sub-Saharan Africa or the Middle East and North Africa, two regions where rejecting religion is often frowned upon and sometimes forbidden by law.

Migrants of no religion are as likely to have been born in Asia and the Pacific as in Europe, with 39% coming from each of those regions. Another 14% come from the Latin America-Caribbean region. Very few were born in the Middle East and North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa or North America.

Destinations

Like other groups that have tended to move to places where many people share their religious identity, religiously unaffiliated migrants have gravitated to places where it is fairly common to have no religious affiliation.

More than a quarter of the world’s religiously unaffiliated migrants (6.6 million) have moved to the United States, making it their top destination. China is the top country of origin for unaffiliated migrants to the U.S., accounting for about 1.7 million.

But unaffiliated migrants make up just 13% of all migrants to the U.S., a far smaller share than the 30% of all Americans who were unaffiliated as of 2020.

In other words, migrants to the U.S. are less likely than the native-born U.S. population to be unaffiliated. As a result, migrants have slowed the decline of religious affiliation in the U.S. 

Germany, home to 8% of religiously unaffiliated migrants (3 million), is their second-most common destination. Poland and Russia are the most common origin countries for unaffiliated migrants living in Germany.

Russia, close behind Germany, is the third-most common destination for unaffiliated migrants. Most unaffiliated migrants to Russia have come from nearby ex-Soviet republics, such as Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

Origins

The leading countries of origin for religiously unaffiliated migrants have large unaffiliated populations. The top two, China and Russia, have histories of state-sponsored atheism.

China – which in 2020 had more inhabitants than India and also had the world’s largest population of religiously unaffiliated people – is the most common country of origin for unaffiliated migrants. Nearly 20% of the world’s stock of unaffiliated migrants were born in China (7.1 million).

Nevertheless, migrants from China are less likely to be unaffiliated than are people living in China. About two-thirds of migrants from China are unaffiliated, compared with 90% of its total population. Some Chinese migrants did not have a formal religious identity until they adopted one in their destination country.¹⁷

Following distantly, Russia is the second-most common birth country for the world’s unaffiliated migrants (2.4 million). Most unaffiliated migrants from Russia have moved to Ukraine (1.2 million) or Germany (310,000).

The United Kingdom is the third-most common origin of unaffiliated migrants. The UK has a large native-born unaffiliated population. A majority of religiously unaffiliated migrants from the UK now live in other English-speaking countries, most commonly Australia, the U.S. and New Zealand.

Country pairs

The most common route for unaffiliated migrants has been from China to Hong Kong (which the United Nations classifies as separate from China). Nearly 2 million unaffiliated migrants have moved from mainland China to Hong Kong. The general populations in both places are largely religiously unaffiliated. 

The second-most common pathway has been from China to the U.S. An estimated 1.7 million China-born unaffiliated migrants now live in the U.S.

As of 2020, Russia to Ukraine was the third-leading route for unaffiliated migrants (1.2 million), followed by movement in the other direction, from Ukraine to Russia (840,000). Both countries have large unaffiliated populations, though movement between them has, historically, also been common for other religious groups. The Russia-Ukraine war has changed migration patterns since 2022, leading to large migration flows out of Ukraine, due partly to forced migration.

Change since 1990

The global stock, or total number, of religiously unaffiliated people living outside their country of birth has grown from 21.8 million in 1990 to 36.4 million in 2020 (up 67%), which is lower than the estimated growth rate of international migrants overall (up 83%).

The U.S., Germany and Spain have experienced the largest influxes of unaffiliated migrants in recent decades. In the U.S., the stock of unaffiliated migrants has grown since 1990 from 3.4 million to 6.6 million (up 93%). In Germany, it has risen from 1.1 million to 3 million (a 162% rise), and in Spain it has jumped from 200,000 to 1.3 million (up 537%). Unaffiliated migrants to these countries most commonly come from China.

Decreases in the number of unaffiliated migrants occurred in Ukraine, from 2.1 million to 1.5 million (down 30%); in Latvia, from 190,000 to 60,000 (down 68%); and in Estonia, from 150,000 to 80,000 (down 50%). The drop in Ukraine was driven by a decline in migrants from Russia, as many Russian migrants who had moved there during the Soviet era moved again or gradually died.

There also has been change among origin countries since 1990. China, Russia and the UK were already the most common countries of origin for unaffiliated migrants in 1990. Since then, the stock of unaffiliated migrants who were born in China has grown by 147%, while the stock of unaffiliated migrants from the UK has increased by 25%.

In contrast, unaffiliated migrants from Russia have declined from 2.8 million to 2.4 million (down 14%), indicating return migration and deaths among those who left in prior decades.

Refer to our “Geographic spotlights” section for in-depth analyses of migration in Europe and the United States.

Hindu migrants make up a small share of all international migrants (5%), with 13 million Hindus living outside their country of birth, as of 2020. Hindus are underrepresented among international migrants compared with their share of the global population (15%).¹⁸

Hindus, on average, travel longer distances from origin to destination countries than any of the other groups in this analysis, including Buddhists – who also mostly originate from Asia. Hindu migrants move an average of 3,100 miles from their country of origin, compared with an average of 2,200 miles among migrants overall.¹⁹

Many Hindu migrants live in the Asia-Pacific region (44%). The next most common destinations for Hindu migrants are the Middle East-North Africa region (24%) and North America (22%). About 8% of Hindu migrants live in Europe, and very few live in Latin America or sub-Saharan Africa.

Asia-Pacific is their most common region of origin: Virtually all Hindu migrants (95%) were born in this area. Small shares of Hindu migrants come from sub-Saharan Africa (2%) and Europe (1%), and even fewer were born in the Middle East-North Africa or the Americas. 

Destinations

India, where Hindus form a religious majority, is the leading destination for Hindu migrants. Fully 22% of Hindu migrants (3 million) have moved to India.

This dynamic – like other patterns in this chapter that describe movement of Hindus in and out of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh – is largely the result of India’s Partition at the end of British rule. In 1947, the Indian subcontinent was divided into majority-Hindu India and majority-Muslim Pakistan. In 1971, Bangladesh separated from Pakistan.

As a result of this redrawing of borders, millions of Hindus who were living in what became Pakistan and Bangladesh moved to what is now India, while millions of Muslims who were living in what is now India moved to modern-day Pakistan or Bangladesh.

For decades after that, the number of Hindu migrants living in India remained high, though it has been declining recently as the generation of Hindus who moved during Partition gradually dies.

Outside India, the United States has the most foreign-born Hindus (2.6 million), accounting for 19% of them. Other popular destinations for Hindu migrants include the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, where they are often temporary workers, though many routinely renew their work permits.

The only countries aside from India in which Hindus are the largest group of migrants are Nepal and Bhutan. However, these countries have relatively small populations overall, and they are not among the top destinations for Hindu migrants. And only one of India’s neighboring countries, Pakistan, is among the top 10 destinations for Hindu migrants (940,000).

Origins

India, the world’s second-most populous country in 2020, is by far the leading source of Hindu migrants, with 7.6 million Hindus born in India now living elsewhere.

But Hindus are less likely to leave India than they are to leave many places where they are a religious minority. Even though India is home to 94% of the world’s Hindus, it is the source of only 57% of the world’s Hindu migrants.

Bangladesh – a majority Muslim country – is the second-most common origin of Hindu migrants. About 1.6 million Hindus born in Bangladesh now live elsewhere, accounting for 12% of all Hindu migrants. (Bangladesh was part of India before the 1947 Partition.)

Nepal – whose large Hindu population is second only to India’s – is the third-most common source of Hindu migrants. About 1.5 million, or 11% of Hindu migrants, were born in Nepal.

Pakistan, India’s Muslim-majority neighbor, is the fourth-most common birthplace of Hindu migrants. (Like Bangladesh, Pakistan was part of British-controlled India before Partition.)

Hindus are far more likely to have left Bangladesh and Pakistan than they are to have left India or Nepal. Hindus form a small minority of the overall population in Bangladesh (8%) and Pakistan (2%), but they make up 21% and 8% of international migrants from those countries, respectively. On the other hand, Hindus form large majorities in India (79%) and Nepal (81%), but they make up only 41% and 56%, respectively, of migrants leaving those places.

Country pairs

The most popular pathway for Hindu migrants around the world is to move from India to the U.S. About 1.8 million Hindus have taken this route, making up 61% of all Indian immigrants in the U.S. as of 2020.

Like other Indian immigrants, many Hindus arrive in the U.S. for employment and family reunification. They often have higher levels of education and higher family incomes than those who remain in India. The second-most common route for Hindu migrants is from Bangladesh to India. Nearly 1.6 million Hindus born in Bangladesh now live in India, and many of them were part of the mass migration following the 1947 Partition of India.

If the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE – were considered a single destination, a move from India to the GCC would be by far the most common one for Hindus. Roughly 3 million Hindus from India live in GCC countries, where foreign workers comprise half or more of the area’s workforce. (Read “Spotlight on the Gulf Cooperation Council countries” for more.)

Change since 1990

The total stock of Hindu migrants living around the world increased from 9.1 million in 1990 to 13.5 million in 2020 (up 48%). But Hindu migrants grew less than migrants overall (up 83%).

While Hindus have consistently made up between 5% and 6% of the international migrant population during these decades, their regional patterns have changed considerably. In 1990, nearly eight-in-ten Hindu immigrants lived in the Asia-Pacific region. By 2020, that share had dropped to less than half.

This change is partly because many migrants who moved during Partition had died by 2020. Three decades earlier, about 4 million Hindus who had been born in Pakistan or Bangladesh were residing in India. By 2020, the number had roughly halved, to 2.1 million. 

Meanwhile, the number of Hindu migrants living in other parts of the world has grown steadily.

In the Middle East-North Africa region, the number of foreign-born Hindus increased from roughly 0.7 million in 1990 to 3.3 million in 2020 (up 387%). This includes many who moved to GCC countries for work. Of the six GCC countries, Qatar saw the most growth in percentage terms: The number of Hindu migrants there rose more than 24,000%, from around 1,000 in 1990 to 290,000 in 2020. In sheer numbers, the UAE saw the steepest increase among the GCC countries; the number of Hindu migrants there grew from 140,000 to 1.1 million (up 673%) during this timespan.

North America also saw a sharp rise in Hindu migrants over this period, from 0.8 million to 3.0 million (a 267% increase). This was driven primarily by a rise in the number of India-born Hindus living in the U.S., from 0.3 million to 1.8 million.

Within the Asia-Pacific region, the stock of Hindu migrants living in Malaysia grew more than 15 times, from 30,000 to 470,000 (an increase of over 1,700%). This was driven primarily by migrant workers from Nepal who arrived in search of jobs. In 2020, Malaysia was the seventh-largest destination for Hindu migrants.

Refer to our “Geographic spotlights” section for in-depth analyses of migration in India and the GCC countries.

The world’s 10.9 million Buddhist migrants make up 4% of all international migrants, about the same as their share of the global population (4%), as of 2020.²⁰

Buddhist migrants have moved an average of 2,400 miles from their country of origin, roughly the same as Christians, Jews and the religiously unaffiliated.

Unlike other faith groups who are more scattered across the globe, Buddhist migrants are heavily concentrated in the Asia-Pacific region (72%). Outside Asia, the most common destinations of Buddhist migrants are North America (14%) and Europe (12%). A small share of Buddhist migrants live in Latin America and the Caribbean (1%), and even fewer reside in sub-Saharan Africa or the Middle East-North Africa region.

The vast majority of Buddhist migrants (96%) come from countries in Asia – the birthplace of Buddhism. Smaller shares of Buddhist migrants were born in Europe (2%), Latin America or North America (0.5% each), and the Middle East-North Africa region or sub-Saharan Africa (less than 0.5% each).

Destinations

Like migrants of other religions, Buddhists often leave their home country for wealthier economies where they can find jobs more easily. In these places, Buddhists usually make up a minority of the overall population.

Thailand is the most popular destination for Buddhist migrants, hosting 30% (3.3 million) – including many migrant workers from neighboring Myanmar (also called Burma), Laos and Cambodia. Of the 10 leading destinations for Buddhist migrants, only Thailand has a majority Buddhist population, with about 90% of adults there identifying as Buddhist.

It is also relatively common for Buddhist migrants to have moved to other stable economies in the Asia-Pacific region, including Singapore, South Korea and Hong Kong.

Singapore – Asia’s richest country on a per capita basis – is the third-most common destination for Buddhist migrants (after the U.S.), with 1.0 million. South Korea and Hong Kong are home to 390,000 and 280,000 Buddhist migrants, respectively. (Taiwan is excluded from the analysis because migration stock information for Taiwan is not available from the UN.)

The U.S. is home to an estimated 1.3 million Buddhist migrants, making it their second-most common destination. Most Buddhist migrants to the U.S. were born in Vietnam (670,000) or China (320,000).

Origins

Myanmar, where Buddhists make up 80% of the population, is the leading country of origin for Buddhist migrants. As of 2020, about 2 million Buddhists born in Myanmar live elsewhere, accounting for 19% of all Buddhist migrants.

Four other Buddhist-majority countries are the source of roughly a quarter of all the Buddhists who now live outside their country of birth: Thailand (670,000), Laos (990,000), Cambodia (810,000) and Sri Lanka (340,00o).

China – where just 4% of adults identified with Buddhism in the 2018 Chinese General Social Survey – is the second-most common country of origin for Buddhist migrants (with 1.9 million) as of 2020, due in part to the sheer size of its overall population.²¹

Vietnam is the third-most common source of Buddhist migrants (1.3 million), followed by Laos and Cambodia.

Malaysia is another top country of origin for Buddhist migrants (770,000). Buddhists from Malaysia typically move to neighboring Singapore, where demand for foreign workers is strong and ethnic Chinese make up a majority of the general population (74%).  

Most Buddhists in Malaysia belong to the country’s ethnic Chinese minority, and they have historically faced discrimination from the ethnic Malay majority, which is predominantly Muslim. While only about 7% of adults in Malaysia identify as Buddhist, Buddhists make up 37% of emigrants from there.

Country pairs

As of 2020, Buddhist migrants most commonly have moved from Myanmar to Thailand (1.7 million), and from Laos to Thailand (0.9 million).

About 690,000 Buddhists born in Malaysia now reside in Singapore, making this the third-most common path for Buddhist migrants. A similar number of Vietnamese Buddhists – who started to arrive after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 – now live in the U.S.

These country pairs show Buddhists moving in search of economic opportunity. For instance, over 3.2 million Buddhists have migrated from Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar – each with around 20% of the population living in poverty – to Thailand, where wages are often higher and access to jobs is easier. Meanwhile, fewer than 40,000 Buddhists have left Thailand and moved to Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar.

Change since 1990

Between 1990 and 2020, the number of Buddhist migrants around the world more than doubled – from 4.6 million to 10.9 million (up 137%) – making Buddhist migrants the fastest-growing group in this analysis, ahead of Muslims (up 102%) and Christians (up 80%). But because Buddhist migrants are a very small group, they grew only slightly as a percentage of all global migrants, from 3% to 4%.

Growth in the past three decades has largely been driven by labor migration to Thailand from Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar. In the 1990s, Thailand’s economy grew rapidly, and in the early 2000s, the Thai government prioritized policies to recruit workers from these neighboring countries.

The stock of Buddhist migrants living in Thailand has surged from 450,000 in 1990 to 3.3 million in 2020 – a 630% rise. In that time, Thailand has become the top destination for Buddhist migrants, with its share of all foreign-born Buddhists rising from 10% to 30%.

Singapore – a religiously diverse and multicultural international financial center – saw its stock of Buddhist migrants jump from around 280,000 in 1990 to 1.0 million in 2020 (up 263%). The growth of the Buddhist migrant population in Singapore is on pace with that of total immigrants in the country, which rose from 0.7 million to 2.5 million. Overall migration growth in Singapore during this span is largely a result of the country’s reliance on foreign workers for economic growth. (Immigrants make up over 40% of Singapore’s total population, with Malaysia being the main source.)

The U.S., which was the second-most popular destination for Buddhists both in 1990 and in 2020, saw its Buddhist migrant population rise from 0.6 million to 1.3 million (up 112%). 

While these countries experienced an influx of Buddhist migrants, India saw a considerable decline. In 1990, India had the largest number of foreign-born Buddhists – largely due to the effects of the 1947 Partition, when Buddhists from what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh settled within the new borders of India. In 1990, there were nearly 1 million Buddhist migrants living in India. By 2020, many had died, and their number had declined to 640,000 (down 35%).

Generally, the flow of Buddhist migrants has slowed in recent years. The change is particularly pronounced in Thailand. By decade, the total number of Buddhist migrants in Thailand grew by 660,000 (up 145%) from 1990 to 2000 and by an additional 1.8 million (up 166%) in the following decade. But it increased by just 360,000 (or 12%) between 2010 and 2020.

Jews make up 0.2% of the world’s population but account for 1% of all international migrants. In percentage terms, this means Jews are more likely than people in the world’s other major religious groups to live outside their country of birth.²²

Two-in-ten Jews have moved across national borders as of 2020, compared with smaller shares of Christians (6%), Muslims (4%), Buddhists (2%), religiously unaffiliated people (2%) and Hindus (1%).

Jewish migrants have traveled an average of about 2,300 miles from their origin to destination countries, similar to the distances traveled by Christians, Buddhists and the religiously unaffiliated.

Around half of the world’s current stock of 3 million Jewish migrants live in the Middle East-North Africa region, mainly in Israel, the world’s only Jewish-majority country. Europe is the second-most common destination area of Jewish migrants (21%), followed by North America (16%). Smaller shares of Jewish migrants live in the Latin America-Caribbean or Asia-Pacific regions. Very few Jewish migrants reside in sub-Saharan Africa.

The most common area of origin for Jewish migrants is Europe (47%).²³ In addition, many Jewish migrants were born in the Middle East-North Africa region (26%), primarily in Israel and Morocco. About 8% of Jewish migrants come from Latin America, and an additional 8% are from Asia. Smaller shares of Jewish migrants were born in North America and sub-Saharan Africa.

Destinations

Israel – whose Law of Return grants Jews the right to make “aliyah,” or move to Israel and receive immediate citizenship – is far and away the top destination for Jewish migrants.

As of 2020, about 1.5 million Jews born elsewhere reside in Israel, making up just over half of all Jewish migrants worldwide. Top sources of Jewish migrants in Israel include former Soviet republics such as Ukraine (170,000) and Russia (150,000). Morocco is also high on the list (160,000).

The United States has the second-largest population of Jewish migrants (400,000). Just over a quarter of Jewish immigrants to the U.S. were born in Israel, and sizable populations have come from Russia (50,000) and Canada (50,000).

The United Kingdom is the third-most common destination for Jewish migrants (120,000), closely followed by Australia and Russia.

(In a few countries, including the UK, census data collected since 2020 provides migrant counts that differ substantially from the estimates in this report. Refer to the Methodology for details.)

A sizable number of Jewish migrants live in the Palestinian territories (50,000). Most of them were born in Israel. Many have moved to the West Bank as part of an expansion of Israeli settlements.

Origins

Jewish migrants tend to come from Europe and the Middle East-North Africa region.

Israel, the leading destination for Jewish migrants, is also their top origin country, with 270,000 Jews born in Israel now living elsewhere. Other major sources of Jewish migrants include Russia (240,000), Ukraine (240,000) and other former Soviet republics, such as Moldova and Georgia.

Combined, the 15 countries of the former Soviet Union account for 840,000 (or 28%) of the global stock of Jewish migrants in 2020. Many of them emigrated to Israel in the decade following the Soviet Union’s collapse.

Morocco – an Arab country that for centuries had a vibrant Jewish community – is the fourth-most common source of Jewish migrants (200,000). Most Jewish migrants from Morocco are now in Israel. In the decades before and especially after Israel’s independence in 1948, many Jews moved to Israel from other countries in the Middle East and North Africa. A sizable number also came from Ethiopia.

Country pairs

Jews often move from countries with shrinking Jewish populations to places where Jewish communities are thriving.

The 10 most common routes for Jewish international migrants all lead to the same two destinations: Israel and the U.S., which together are home to more than 80% of the global Jewish population and 64% of Jewish migrants.

Ukraine to Israel is the top migration pathway for Jewish migrants, with 170,000 Ukrainian Jews living in Israel as of 2020. Many Russia-born Jews (150,000) also have migrated to Israel, making it the third-most common path for Jewish migrants, globally.²⁴

Ukraine- and Russia-born Jews, together with those from other ex-Soviet republics, form the largest migrant group in Israel. About half a million Jewish migrants born in the former Soviet Union now reside in Israel, meaning that 16% of all Jewish migrants were born in ex-Soviet republics and now live in Israel.²⁵

Unlike immigrants from elsewhere to Israel who are overwhelmingly Jews, a considerable share of those from the former Soviet republics are not Jews, according to the Israeli Ministry of the Interior’s definition of Jewishness, and many consider themselves secular. Still, these non-Jewish immigrants were eligible to move to Israel as the spouses, children or grandchildren of Jews. For instance, about half of Russia-born immigrants in Israel are formally registered as Jews, compared with virtually all Morocco-born immigrants.

Morocco to Israel is the second-most common migration route for Jewish migrants (160,000). Following the founding of Israel in 1948, hundreds of thousands of Moroccan Jews left, and today only a few thousand Jews remain in the Muslim-majority country.

Similarly, as most Jews from Romania, Ethiopia and Poland have migrated to Israel, that country now has many more Romania-, Ethiopia-, or Poland-born Jews than remain in each of these countries. For instance, 90,000 Romanian Jews live in Israel as of 2020, while Romania is home to fewer than 10,000 Jews.

Many Israel-born Jews (110,000) are now living in the U.S., where Jews make up about 2% of the overall population, making this the fourth-most common migration route for Jews.

Change since 1990

The global stock, or total number of Jews living outside their countries of birth, grew from an estimated 2.3 million in 1990 to 3 million in 2020 (up 28%). Jews had the smallest increase among the religious groups in this analysis, smaller than the rise among Hindus (48%) and the religiously unaffiliated (67%).

Jewish migration patterns have been fairly stable over the past three decades, as Jews continued to move mostly between Europe, Israel and the U.S.

Israel and the U.S. remained the most common destinations for Jewish migrants between 1990 and 2020. The foreign-born Jewish population in Israel grew from 1.3 to 1.5 million (up 14%), and in the U.S. it increased from 290,000 to 400,000 (up 41%).

The United Kingdom – which in 2020 was the third-most common destination – had been ninth on the list in 1990. Jewish migration to the UK rose substantially during this period, with the stock of Jewish migrants living in the UK tripling from 40,000 to 120,000.

(In a few countries, including the UK, census data collected since 2020 provides migrant counts that differ substantially from the estimates in this report. Refer to the Methodology for details.)

Germany experienced similar growth, from 30,000 to 90,000, and rose to sixth on the list from 10th.

While France remained a top 10 destination for Jewish migrants, a sizable number of French Jews have left the country as well. Between 1990 and 2020, the number of Jewish migrants living in France grew from 50,000 to 80,000 (up 60%), while the number of French-born Jews residing elsewhere increased from 40,000 to 70,000 (up 81%).

Meanwhile, several places, including many former Soviet Union countries, saw a considerable decline in the number of Jewish migrants they host.

For instance, in 1990, Russia was home to 120,000 Jewish migrants, making it their third-most common destination. Since then, the number has fallen to 100,000 (down 19%). Ukraine experienced a similar decline to 50,000 (a 22% drop). In Georgia, the Jewish migrant count dropped to less than 3,000 (down 77%).

The number of foreign-born Jews living in the Palestinian territories also decreased in the past three decades, from 80,000 to 50,000 (or 36%), as Jewish settlers who had arrived from Israel in the 1970s and 1980s reached the ends of their lives over this period.

On the other hand, Jewish migration out of the former Soviet republics increased between 1990 and 2020, partly due to the mass departures of Jews from the region following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Jews were disproportionately likely to leave the area during those decades. Between 1990 and 2020, the number of Jews from the former Soviet republics who were living outside their country of birth rose from 620,000 to 840,000 (up 34%), while the number of all migrants from the region rose from 32 million to 33 million (up 4%).

The flow of Jews out of the former Soviet republics continues, leaving a small number of Jews still in the region.²⁶

Spotlight on Europe

International migrants in Europe most commonly come from other European countries: 53% were born elsewhere in Europe, as of 2020. The rest were mostly born in the Asia-Pacific or Middle East North-Africa regions.

In this report, Europe comprises 49 countries and territories, including 26 of the European Union’s 27 members.²⁷ Moving within the EU is relatively easy for EU nationals, which helps explain the large number of migrants who were born within the region.

In recent decades, some politicians and authors have raised concern about the degree to which European culture is being changed by an influx of migrants from outside the region. The public debate has often focused on Muslims, including an influx of asylum-seekers from Syria.

Most migrants living in Europe are Christian, along with sizable minorities of religiously unaffiliated people and Muslims.

However, migrants are more likely than the general population to be Muslim (18% of migrants in Europe vs. 7% of Europe’s overall population), less likely to be Christian (56% vs. 72%) and equally likely to be religiously unaffiliated (20% vs. 20%).

Buddhists (making up 2% of migrants in Europe vs. 0.2% of Europe’s total population), Hindus (1% vs. 0.2%) and Jews (1% vs. 0.2%) make up small shares both of migrants and of the general population in Europe.

Between 1990 and 2020, the share of all migrants living in Europe who are Muslim has grown from 16% to 18%, largely due to increasing arrivals from Morocco, Syria and Turkey. On the other hand, the share of religiously unaffiliated migrants decreased, and the share of Christians was stable, as many people who were part of earlier waves of migration from Russia moved elsewhere or died.

Among migrants living in Europe, the religious composition of those born within the region varies from those born outside the region.

Migrants from within the European region are far more likely than those from outside the region to be Christian (70% vs. 41%), slightly more likely to be religiously unaffiliated (24% vs. 16%) and far less likely to be Muslim (4% vs. 34%).

Christian migrants in Europe most often come from Russia, Ukraine and Poland. Many religiously unaffiliated migrants were born in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Many Muslim migrants were born in Turkey, Morocco, Syria and Algeria. Buddhists and Hindus almost exclusively come from countries outside of Europe. Jews are about equally likely to have moved from within or outside of Europe.

We can’t isolate the religious composition of those who migrated in a particular period. However, we know that war, famine and political circumstances can cause big migration shocks. War in Syria sent many Muslims trekking to Europe, and Russia’s 2014 invasion of Ukraine led many Christians to seek refuge in other European countries.

Many countries in Europe have low fertility rates and migration has helped stave off population decline. The total population of the region grew by 23 million between 1990 and 2020. During this period, the population of migrants from outside Europe grew by 21 million.

Seven European countries’ populations would have shrunk without new migrants from within or outside the region. For example, Germany’s total population grew by 4.1 million over this 30-year period, while its migrant population grew by 9.8 million. This suggests that Germany’s population might have shrunk by 5.7 million if not for migration.

The populations of Montenegro, Greece, Portugal, the Czech Republic, Italy and Liechtenstein also would have been smaller in 2020 than they were in 1990 if not for immigration in the intervening years.

Spotlight on the Gulf Cooperation Council countries

The six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates – have some of the world’s largest shares of foreign-born people in their populations.

As of 2020, 53% of the 58 million people living in GCC countries are migrants.

Saudi Arabia, with a migrant share of 37%, is the only GCC country with a majority native-born population. On the other end of the scale, UAE’s population is 94% foreign born.

The GCC countries have thriving economies and strong demand for foreign labor, attracting migrant workers from South Asia and beyond. Many migrants return home after serving out contracts, and some later return to start new contracts. Under the UN’s definition, they are international migrants while they are living outside their country of birth, even if they are expected eventually to go back.

Data on the religious affiliation of migrants to GCC countries is generally not available, so we rely on indirect estimates. For example, we use information on the religious composition of Indian migrants to Egypt to estimate the religious mix of Indians in Gulf countries. (Refer to the Methodology for details.)

People born in GCC countries nearly always identify as Muslim in censuses and surveys. We estimate that most immigrants to these countries (75%) also are Muslim, while roughly 14% are Christian and 11% Hindu.

GCC governments closely conform to Islamic laws and norms. Pew Research Center studies consistently find that these countries have high levels of restrictions on religion.

Every GCC country has a law against blasphemy, and all but one (Bahrain) bans apostasy.

Religion is deeply entrenched and nonaffiliation is very rare in both GCC countries and common origin countries. We estimate that there are relatively few unaffiliated migrants in the region.

India is the top country of origin for migrants in GCC countries. Nearly one-third of the stock of migrants in GCC countries was born in India (9.9 million). Bangladesh is the second-leading origin country for GCC migrants (3.6 million), followed by Pakistan (3.5 million), Egypt (2.7 million) and Indonesia (2.4 million).

Most Hindu and Christian migrants to these countries are estimated to come from India. India is the top origin country for Muslim migrants as well, but many Muslims also come from other Asian countries or from countries in the Middle East or North Africa that are not in the GCC.

(Hindus make up about 80% of India’s population, while Christians constitute only 2%. Read “Spotlight on India” for details on the wide gap between the religious composition of those who have left India and those who remain.)

The migrant population in the GCC countries has increased from 8.2 million in 1990 to 30.8 million in 2020 (up 277%). This 22.7 million-person increase accounts for much of the area’s overall population growth. (The total population in these six countries rose from 22.3 million in 1990 to 58.4 million in 2020.)

While the share of migrants in GCC countries is exceptional, they are not the only countries in which population growth is primarily due to migration. Migration explains most population growth in many other places, particularly in countries with low fertility rates such as Greece, Germany and Portugal – all countries that would have seen their total populations shrink since 1990 if not for migration.

(Refer to the “Spotlight on Europe” section for more detail.)

Partly due to their relatively small native-born populations, GCC countries are not the source of many migrants. Fewer than a million migrants around the world come from this region.

Spotlight on India

India, which in 2023 overtook China to become the world’s most populous nation, was the top country of origin for migrants in 2020.

As a destination for migrants, however, India ranks 14th, after Turkey and Ukraine.

The number of migrants from India outnumbers migrants living in India by almost four-to-one.

India as a destination

In 2020, fewer than 5 million residents in India (or 0.4% of the total population) were born in another country.

This figure was down from 7.6 million in 1990, in part due to the aging and gradual deaths of migrants who moved to India from modern-day Pakistan and Bangladesh around the time of India’s Partition in 1947.

Neighboring Bangladesh and Pakistan continue to be the most common sources of foreign-born residents of India. About 2.6 million people in India were born in Bangladesh, and an additional 870,000 came from Pakistan. (These two countries were a single country after Partition and split up in 1971.)

Other top origins of migrants to India include Nepal (770,000), Sri Lanka (190,000) and China (110,000). 

Between 1990 and 2020, the number of Bangladesh- and Pakistan-born migrants to India has declined, as some who moved during the Partition have died. Migrants from Nepal and China have increased in number.

India’s population is overwhelmingly Hindu, with a sizable minority of Muslims. Migrants living in India are less likely than the general population to be Hindu (61% vs. 79%) and more likely to be Muslim (19% vs. 15%).

Migrants are about as likely as the native population to be Christian (3% vs. 2%). Buddhists, who tend to come from Bangladesh, Pakistan and China, make up a drastically larger share of immigrants (13%) than of the general population (less than 1%).

India as an origin

In 2020, an estimated 18.6 million India-born people were living elsewhere, almost three times as many as in 1990.²⁸

Migrants from India most commonly live in the United Arab Emirates (3.6 million), followed by the United States (3 million), Saudi Arabia (2.6 million), Pakistan (1.6 million) and Oman (1.4 million).

(Read “Spotlight on the Gulf Cooperation Council countries” for more.)

The religious mix of migrants who have left India is very different from the religious composition of the country at large, as of 2020. Those who have left India are about half as likely to be Hindu as those who remain (41% vs. 79%). They are more than twice as likely as those who remain to be Muslim (33% vs. 15%), and about eight times as likely to be Christian (16% vs. 2%).

In recent decades, violent attacks on religious minorities, including Muslims and Christians, have been associated with a rising tide of Hindu nationalism in India.

Spotlight on the United States

The United States hosts more immigrants than any other country in the world.

However, due to its sheer size, the U.S. is not one of the countries with the highest percentages of immigrants in its population, according to our analysis of United Nations data. The U.S. ranks 68th on this list, below countries with smaller populations like Canada and Qatar.

Since 1990, the U.S. immigrant population has more than doubled, while the overall U.S. population has grown by around one-third.

Origins

Nearly 12 million U.S. migrants were born in Mexico, accounting for about a quarter of all immigrants in the U.S., according to our estimate based on adjusted UN data.

The next most common countries of origin are India (3 million), China (2.4 million) and the Philippines (2.2 million). An additional 2 million were born in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico.²⁹

All migrant counts include residents regardless of their legal status.

In recent decades, there has been increasing public debate about the large number of unauthorized migrants, many of whom enter along the U.S.-Mexico border. According to a previously published Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data, unauthorized migrants accounted for about 3.3% of the overall U.S. population in 2022 and 23% of all foreign-born people living in the country.

Family reunification is the primary vehicle for legal immigration to the United States. Most authorized immigrants are admitted on the basis of family ties to U.S. citizens and green card holders.

Migration’s effect on secularization

Immigrants to the U.S. are more likely than the general population to have a religion.

We estimate that 87% of migrants to the U.S. are religiously affiliated, including 70% who are Christian and more than one-in-ten who are either Muslim (7%), Hindu (5%) or Buddhist (3%). Jews and people from other religious groups make up the remaining 2%. Only 13% of migrants living in the U.S. are religiously unaffiliated.

In contrast, roughly 70% of the U.S. population is religiously affiliated as of 2020, including 64% who are Christian, 2% who are Jewish and about 1% each who are Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim or adherents of other religions. Roughly 30% of the U.S. population is religiously unaffiliated, identifying in our surveys as atheist, agnostic or nothing in particular.

The general U.S. population has been secularizing rapidly since 1990. Migration has partially offset the decline in the percentage of religiously affiliated people in the U.S. public, and it has contributed to rising percentages of some non-Christian religious groups, such as Muslims and Hindus. In other words, the shares of many U.S. religious groups are larger today than they would be if not for the arrival of new immigrants. 

Migration out of the U.S. is not common. As of 2020, about 3 million people born in the U.S. were living in other countries. U.S.-born international migrants are mostly Christian (73%), with fewer who are religiously unaffiliated (15%), Jewish (5%), Muslim (3%) or adherents of other religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. Mexico, Canada and the United Kingdom are the most common destinations for migrants who have left the U.S.

This report was produced by Pew Research Center as part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project, which analyzes religious change and its impact on societies around the world. Funding for the Global Religious Futures project comes from The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation (grant 62287).

This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals. Find related reports online at pewresearch.org/religion.

Primary Researchers

Stephanie Kramer, Senior Researcher
Yunping Tong, Research Associate

Research Team                    

Anne Fengyan Shi, Senior Researcher
Conrad Hackett, Associate Director of Research and Senior Demographer
Caileigh Stirling, Research Analyst  
Alan Cooperman, Director of Religion Research     

Editorial and Graphic Design

Dalia Fahmy, Senior Writer and Editor
Rebecca Leppert, Copy Editor
Bill Webster, Senior Information Graphics Designer

Communications and Web Publishing

Achsah Callahan, Communications Manager
Justine Coleman, Associate Digital Producer
Stacy Rosenberg, Director of Digital Strategy

Others at Pew Research Center who provided guidance include Andrew Mercer, senior research methodologist; Mark Hugo Lopez, director of Race and Ethnicity Research; Samirah Majumdar, research associate; Jacob Ausubel, former research assistant; and Matthew Conrad, former Pew Research Center intern.

The Center also received valuable input from Phillip Connor, senior demographer, Forward.us; Uzi Rebhun, head of the Division of Jewish Demography and Statistics, A. Harman Research Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Mark Tolts, senior research associate (ret.), A. Harman Research Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and Avishai Cohen, online information coordinator, Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.

This methodology explains how we estimated the religious composition of foreign-born populations around the world. It describes the data sources we used to measure the number of migrants from each origin country living in each destination country, as well as the data sources and methods we used to estimate the religious composition of migrants.

A note on rounding: Throughout the report, we round counts of migrants to the nearest 10,000. All values below 10,000 are listed as “<10,000.” All percentages are based on unrounded figures.

UN migrant estimates

Counts of migrants for every origin-destination country pair come from the 2020 United Nations estimates of international migrant stocks. The UN provides estimates for 1990, 2020 and every five-year period in between (1995, 2000, etc.).

These estimates are based on censuses, population registers and nationally representative surveys, as well as statistics on refugees from international organizations. UN migrant counts are intended to include asylum-seekers, refugees and people in similar situations regardless of legal status.

All data comes from destination countries. (Most countries don’t have data on how many people born within their borders now live in each of the other countries of the world. However, they typically do have information on the number of people born elsewhere who now live within their borders.)

UN estimates of migrants are based on the best available data in each country, which may be incomplete.

For example, some countries have limited data on special populations, such as migrants without legal residence permits. In addition, many 2020 censuses or other data collection efforts were delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, so some 2020 estimates had to be based on extrapolation from earlier censuses or other sources.

For most destination countries, the UN relied on country of birth data to estimate how many people came from each origin country. However, in about 20% of countries, the UN’s estimates of foreign-born populations are based on measures of nationality rather than country of birth.

Nationality is not an ideal proxy for origin country, as some people migrate multiple times, and it is possible to be a citizen of a country one has never lived in.

The UN estimates include many people from miscellaneous “other” countries. Migrants can be categorized as being from an “other” country if the country they were born in no longer exists or if they are not sure where they were born. In other cases, receiving countries administer surveys with limited choices for origin country or collapse responses across many countries.

We distributed people classified as originating from an unspecified “other” country to known origins proportionately, so counts by origin in this report do not always match the UN’s original numbers. The largest number of migrants of known origins are from India, so we assigned the largest number of migrants of unknown origin to India, and so on. This is an imperfect solution but, for our purposes, an improvement to retaining the undifferentiated “other” origin that we cannot assign a religious distribution. We made one exception to this procedure: We excluded Vatican City as a destination because it hosted few migrants overall and zero migrants from known origins.

(Read more about adjustments to source data below. Refer to the UN’s own documentation for more information on the methods and limitations of migrant stock estimates.)

Pew Research Center religious composition estimates

Religious distributions (i.e., the shares of people in each religious group) are based on our analysis of censuses and surveys of migrants by origin-destination country pair. Available survey and census data directly provides religious composition data for more than half of the world’s migrant population (54%) as of 2020.

To be included among our sources, censuses and surveys must have data on:

• The origin of migrants, based on a question about a respondent’s country of birth (preferred) OR a migrant’s nationality (used rarely when country of birth was not asked)
• The religious affiliation of migrants

Since censuses aim to cover entire populations, they typically provide data about many more migrants than surveys do. For this reason, we generally prefer censuses over surveys. Whenever possible, we relied on a single census for information about both country of origin and religious affiliation. When more than one census was available, the census nearest the midpoint of the study period was used because this report assumes that religious compositions are stable across time. (Read the section on the study’s time frame for more on this assumption.)

When census data was unavailable, religious distributions were calculated based on surveys measuring both religion and country of origin. In cases where multiple surveys (but no censuses) were available, we analyzed each survey and then aggregated their results by the effective sample size of migrant populations, using respondents in each origin-destination country pair to calculate these averages. (An effective sample size is calculated by dividing the total number of survey participants by the survey’s design effect, which reduces sample size based on how much the survey design relied on weighting to achieve a representative sample.)

The United States is an example of a destination country for which we often relied on weighted averages of multiple estimates. The table below shows the sample size, effective sample size and religious distributions among adults for one example migrant origin-destination country pair: China to the U.S. For this origin group, the New Immigrants Survey had the largest effective sample size and therefore the greatest influence on the average religious distribution we used to represent the China-to-U.S. origin-destination pair.

We used a threshold of 50 cases (based on effective sample size) to include the religious distributions of country pairs at the global or regional level and a threshold of 100 cases to discuss individual country pairs. For example, we include migrants from the United Arab Emirates to Egypt in estimates of the religious composition of people who migrate globally and within the region, but results for this specific country pair are not presented in the report because they are based on religion responses from only 54 individuals. On the other hand, over 1,000 people who have migrated from Iraq to Egypt provided their religious affiliations, so we report that this group of migrants is 99% Muslim, in addition to including them in global and regional estimates.

Adjustments to census and survey data

Sometimes, censuses and surveys did not provide religious composition information that fit our analytical framework, requiring us to make adjustments to the source data.

This report sorts migrants into seven groups for analysis: Christians, Muslims, the religiously unaffiliated, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, and an “other religions” category that is intended to include only people of religious groups with insufficient data to analyze separately. However, some censuses and surveys use a multiple-choice question for religious affiliation that does not offer all of these response options. Instead, religions without many adherents in a destination country are sometimes not listed as possible answers, and people who identify with them are placed in an undifferentiated other category even though they follow a religion we analyze separately.

When necessary, we distributed people from undifferentiated categories to major religious groups. Because countries tend to include response options for religions that are relevant in their context, these adjustments could have affected estimates for fewer than 1% of migrants.

The 2006 Egyptian census, as one example, does not include Buddhist, Hindu or “no religion” as response options to the religious affiliation question. Census takers must identify as Muslim, Christian, Jewish or “other.” According to this source, Egypt’s population is overwhelmingly Muslim and Christian. There were enough migrants in Egypt in 2006 from China, India, Japan and the Netherlands to analyze whether they identified as Muslim, Christian, Jewish or with another religion in the census. Each of these origin countries have large populations of Buddhists, Hindus and/or unaffiliated people. For example, 80% of Indians in India are Hindu, so we would expect many people who have migrated from India to Egypt to be Hindu. Without a Hindu response option, it is impossible to tell how many migrants from India who marked “other” on the Egyptian census are Hindu instead of members of a smaller religious group (such as Sikhism or Jainism). In cases like these, when we had good reason to think that people were included in an undifferentiated other category despite belonging to one of the groups we analyzed separately, adjustments were made based on the religious composition of the origin country.

In the India-to-Egypt example, “other” responses in the census were redistributed to Buddhist, Hindu, unaffiliated or “other religions” proportionate to those religions’ shares in India, the origin country. Among Indians in Egypt, half indicated on the census that they were Muslim (while Muslims make up a considerably smaller 15% of all people living in India) and 18% said they were Christian (but Christians account for only 2% of India’s population). About a third of respondents from India chose “other.” Those remaining “other” responses were distributed according to the groups’ sizes among Indians remaining in India. Based on this procedure, we estimate that 30% of migrants to Egypt from India are Hindu (compared with 79% of those in India), 1% are members of “other religions” (2% in India are), and fewer are Buddhist.

Like some religious affiliations, some origin countries are not measured directly and instead recorded broadly as “other.” This can happen for a variety of reasons, like if a census offers a non-exhaustive list of countries to choose from, if participants list an origin that is not a country, or if they were born stateless. Rather than retain an undifferentiated other origin, we distributed those with missing origins proportionately to known countries of origin. This had the effect of inflating the numbers provided by the UN for specific countries because the UN data maintains an undifferentiated other category.

Census of Israel

We made additional religious composition adjustments using public data files from the 2008 census of Israel.

Public data from this census collapses most countries into regions or smaller groups. Using this aggregated information, we distributed migrants to the countries within that group and applied the group’s composition to each of the countries. For example, the U.S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand are all included in the category of North America and Oceania. We applied a single religious distribution from this source for all North American origins to every country in the group.

UN estimates show that 30% of migrants to Israel are from unclassified “other” origin countries. Based on the 2008 census data, the UN data seems to have substantially underestimated the number of migrants from former Soviet Union countries. We proportionately distributed migrants from “other” origins to match the census data’s estimates of migrants from the former USSR.

Israel maintains a government database with information on the religion of residents ages 16 and older. Adult religion information in data files from the 2008 census comes from this government database rather than a direct measure of religion in the census. We requested more detailed data on the origins of migrants from the Central Bureau of Statistics, but this request was denied.

Other limitations of survey data

As noted above, surveys have smaller samples than censuses and they are less reliable for measuring small populations, including migrants from specific origin countries. In some cases, surveys are administered in only one language and some migrants may not have the language proficiency to participate. Because such surveys are biased toward including migrants who have been in a destination country for a longer period, they may also include migrants who are more likely to have assimilated in other ways, including religiously. In fewer cases, surveys lean in the other direction, with only recent migrants as respondents. U.S. religious composition estimates draw on both types of surveys.

The Center’s Religious Landscape Study (conducted in 2007 and 2014) was only offered in English and Spanish, excluding potential survey respondents who do not speak either language, and the 1998-2003 New Immigrant Study only includes recent migrants to the U.S. It was conducted in 19 languages.

Why our estimates may differ from other sources

This report is based largely on information about international migration published by the United Nations in December 2020. As a result, some figures in this report differ from statistics collected in national censuses conducted after 2020. In many cases, the differences are small, but in some cases they are considerable.

For example, our estimate of the Jewish immigrant population in the United Kingdom (approximately 120,000) seems high in comparison with newly released data from the 2021 census of England and Wales, which counted 53,942 foreign-born Jews.

There are similar discrepancies between our migration estimates and the latest census numbers for some other religious groups and in some other countries. For example, Australia’s 2021 census counted more foreign-born Hindus (547,032) and fewer foreign-born Muslims (487,426) than our estimates of those groups as of 2020 (460,000 Hindus and 530,000 Muslims).

Generally speaking, national censuses are the most accurate source of data on population sizes. Our estimates are not intended to replace, or to challenge, the highly detailed information emerging from national statistical bureaus based on high-quality censuses.

However, there are several reasons why our estimates are not always the same as what national censuses produce. One factor explaining variation in 2020 numbers is that we have relied on the UN’s estimates of the total number of international migrants living in each country as of 2020. Because the UN published estimates in 2020, their demographers, in turn, relied on the census and survey data available to them at the time, most of which was collected before 2020; in some cases, they may have used data from the 2010 round of decennial (every 10 years) censuses or even earlier.

In addition, the UN seeks to include all migrants, regardless of their legal status. Some countries use different definitions of who counts as a migrant; for example, some countries do not count naturalized citizens as international migrants. In the case of the United States, the UN considers people born in Puerto Rico who now live in the 50 states and the District of Columbia to be international migrants, while the U.S. Census Bureau does not.

As the UK’s Office of National Statistics has cautioned, “Different data sources collect and use the measures country of birth, nationality, and passports held in different ways. This leads to inevitable differences in the statistics produced from each data source. However, all of these statistics are reported under the term ‘international migration,’ which can lead to confusion.” 

Further, Pew Research Center’s estimates of religious affiliation are based, ideally, on the way people would answer a single question: “What is your current religion, if any?” Some countries include this kind of question in their national censuses, but many (including the U.S.) do not. And some countries that collect data on the religion of their inhabitants do not make it public.

Where censuses do include a religion question, it is sometimes labeled as optional, and some people choose not to answer. For example, 11% of migrants from Israel chose not to answer the religion question in the most recent census of England and Wales. Our estimates assume that the Israeli migrants who don’t answer the question have the same mix of religious affiliations as the Israeli migrants who do answer the question.

When we estimate the religious identification of migrants around the world, we try to do so using transparent, consistent and comparable methods (described in detail elsewhere in this Methodology) for nearly 100,000 combinations of origin and destination countries. To do this, we make some assumptions, one of which is that the religious mix of people who move from Country A to Country B is fairly constant over time. In reality, though, this mix may change. For example, the proportion of all Poland-born migrants living in the UK who are Jewish may have been higher in the 1980s and 1990s (when more Holocaust survivors were still alive) than in 2010 or 2020.

For all these reasons, our estimates of the religious makeup of immigrants in particular countries sometimes differ from what the latest national census or survey has produced. We do not claim that our figures are better than any other source. The main advantage of our estimates is that they are truly global, allowing for comparisons between countries and revealing broad patterns that would not be identifiable from any single country’s own census or surveys.

Estimating religious compositions when no census or survey data is available

Direct estimation: For more than half of the world’s migrants (54%), we were able to use census or survey data to directly estimate their religious compositions. Census data was used to measure 17% of migrants and survey data was used for 37% of them.

Indirect estimation: In the vast majority of remaining cases (46% of all migrants), there was not sufficient census or survey data providing respondents’ origin and religion variables, so we used censuses and surveys to indirectly estimate migrants’ religious compositions, following one of three approaches.

First indirect estimation approach: Origin-subregion destination

When possible, we imputed religious compositions of missing country pairs by substituting the composition of migrants from the same origin country to the same subregion – a group of countries that share similar geographical and religious contexts. This origin country-to-subregion destination method was used to estimate the religious composition of 12% of global migrants.

To be considered similar in this way, countries had to be in the same geographic region and share the same largest religion. Fourteen of these contexts or subregions were used for imputation, including country groups like Buddhist plurality Asia and Christian plurality sub-Saharan Africa.

As an example, available survey data includes no one who migrated from the U.S. to Spain, so we cannot directly estimate the religious composition for this country pair. Instead, we applied the religious distribution of people from the U.S. to all European countries in which Christians are the largest religious group.

Second indirect estimation approach: Destination-subregion origin

If estimates could not be computed using country of origin and subregion destination, we were sometimes able to impute based on the religious composition of migrants from the same origin subregion to the country of destination. We used this method for 9% of migrants.

Third indirect estimation approach: Subregion pairs

In many other cases, there was no data on people from a specific origin country to a destination subregion, nor from an origin subregion to a destination country. Under these circumstances, we estimated the religious composition of migrants based on their origin and destination subregions. We relied on subregion pairs to estimate the religious composition of 22% of migrants.

For example, we have data on too few people who have migrated from the U.S. to Bangladesh to estimate their composition. There are also not enough cases of people born in the U.S. who have migrated to Muslim plurality Asia to substitute that distribution; nor is there sufficient data on migrants from Christian plurality North America to Bangladesh. Instead, we estimated the composition of these U.S.-to-Bangladesh migrants using the average distribution of all people with Christian plurality North America origins to all Muslim plurality Asia destinations.

Country of origin religious composition: For rare cases that could not be directly or indirectly estimated or imputed, we estimated the religious composition of migrants based on the religious composition of the origin country, relying on the Center’s earlier work estimating the religious makeup of every country in the world. This procedure was used to estimate the composition of 2% of the world’s migrants. In these cases, we applied our previous religious composition estimates for the year 2010.

Missing data for destinations in the Middle East-North Africa region was common, particularly among Gulf Cooperation Council countries. We conducted thorough searches for data and contacted several statistical agencies in the region but only turned up sufficient data from two countries: Egypt and Israel. Because Israel represents a very different religious context, estimates for most Middle East-North African countries rely on Egypt as a proxy.

Evaluation and adjustment of proxy estimates

In cases where we estimated migrant religious composition using the indirect methods described above, we evaluated these indirect estimates against our knowledge of migration dynamics in destination countries and against our preliminary estimates of the total size (i.e., migrants and nonmigrants combined) of religious minority populations in destination countries. Most results generated by our indirect estimation procedure seem reasonable based on the information available to us.

However, our indirect estimates of the number of Christians among European migrants to Turkey and among migrants from South Sudan to Sudan required adjustment. We manually lowered estimates of the Christian share of migrants in these two countries. Our indirect procedures were not able to capture the predominantly Muslim composition of migrants coming to Turkey from nations in Europe or the distinct pattern of migration by religion that has resulted from political divisions in Sudan and South Sudan.

Religious compositions of overall populations

To provide context for estimates of the religious composition of the world’s migrants, we use provisional Pew Research Center estimates of overall religious compositions in 2020, including nonmigrants. This report was published in advance of a forthcoming Center report that will contain new estimates of the overall religious composition of each country. These forthcoming 2020 estimates will incorporate census and survey data collected and released on a delayed schedule because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The provisional numbers for the global distribution of religions shown in this report are based on a mix of three primary sources.

First, for most countries, we use population projections for the year 2020 made for our 2015 report “The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050.”

Second, for the U.S., we use estimates produced for our 2022 report “Modeling the Future of Religion in America.”

Third, for China, we use estimates based on analysis described in our 2023 report “Measuring Religion in China.” Our 2020 estimates for China, which use data from the Chinese General Social Survey, rely on a zongjiao measure of religious identity that allows us to track changes in China’s religious landscape. This approach represents a significant change from our prior approach to measuring religion in China. We compare the approaches in the methodology of our China report.

The largest differences between the provisional total population figures used as context in this report and our previously published global estimates result from the aforementioned changes in our approach to measuring religion in China. The provisional figures used in this report differ from estimates we will publish in our forthcoming report, which will reflect careful attention to the full range of data now available to measure the overall 2020 religious landscape in every country.

Study period

Pew Research Center is tracking changes in the religious landscape around the world. A contribution of this report is to explain how changes in migration patterns contribute to religious change. For example, we reveal that the migrants living in one country often have a mix of religious identities that varies significantly from their home country, such as the greater incidence of Muslims among Indian-born people living in Egypt compared to India’s population. Furthermore, our data shows how change in the makeup of origin countries over time has led to changes in the religious composition of migrants.

This report pushes the limits of what we can know using direct and indirect methods to analyze available data. Therefore, we make an important simplifying assumption – that the religious makeup of people who move from country A to country B was constant between 1990 and 2020. Of course, reality is more complex. There have been some changes over time in the religious composition of migrants between pairs of countries. But we didn’t have adequate data to track such within-country pair change in the overwhelming majority of cases. Instead, this report captures the cumulative change happening at the country and regional levels to migrant stocks as a result of changing patterns of movement between countries.

In the cases when more than one census was available, we relied on the census conducted closest to the midpoint of the study (2005).

Similarly, many distributions are derived by aggregating multiple surveys conducted anytime during the past several decades. Survey samples were often too small to separate, and we chose to maximize the number of country pairs extracted from survey data rather than applying distributions only to the period in which data was collected. Consequently, estimates of changes in the composition of migrants are largely driven by migratory shifts from origin countries, not changes in the religious composition of specific origin-destination pairs. For example, in the U.S., the changing estimate of the religious composition of migrants over time reflects the growing share of migrants from Asian countries, but it does not reflect changes within the religious composition of migrants from Mexico over time. If this report focused only on a data-rich country with large migrant populations like the U.S., our approach might have been different. The approach we took was made based on the limitations of available global data.

Furthermore, since we focus on migrant stocks, changes in the religious composition among recent migrants may slowly affect the average composition of an origin country population that includes people who have been in the destination country for many years.

A modest share of migrants may change their religious affiliation after entering destination countries.³⁰ Religious change may be more common among locally born children of immigrants, who are not migrants.

Distance analysis

The analysis of average distance traveled by migrants is based on the distance between the center of the origin country and the center of the destination country. These distances might not be the exact average miles traveled by migrants between origin-destination pairs, but available data does not include city-specific origins and destinations. For example, the analysis assumes that Mexican migrants to the U.S. originated in the center of Mexico and moved to the center of the U.S. In reality, a disproportionate share of these migrants may have originated and settled near the United States’ southern border. However, there are also many cases in which migrants traveled farther than the distance from one country center to the next, like from southern Mexico to the northeastern U.S.

‘Faith on the Move’

This report is the successor to “Faith on the Move: The Religious Affiliation of International Migrants,” our report on this topic published in 2012.

There are important methodological differences between the two efforts. This report describes change over time while the previous provided a single snapshot.

Whereas this report relies on the UN’s estimates of migrant counts, “Faith on the Move” made its own estimates of the size of the migrant population by country pairs because, at that time, the United Nations did not publish extensive estimates of the migrant stocks in each country from each source country.

When multiple surveys but no censuses are available, this project combines all available survey estimates and presents a weighted average distribution. “Faith on the Move” relied on the single best source for each origin-destination pair.

Finally, this report replaces missing country pair data with religious distributions for the origin and destination subregions when possible. “Faith on the Move” instead substituted the origin countries’ religious distributions in every case of missing data.

This appendix lists studied countries and territories by region. These regional categories were chosen to be consistent with our previous reports on the global demography of religion.

The word “country” is used interchangeably with “countries and territories” in this report for the sake of brevity. We include countries and territories recognized as such by the United Nations. The word “territory” in this report does not have a technical definition, but rather is a general term for distinct geographical entities not recognized as countries by the UN but that have separate population estimates reported by the UN. Territories in this report include such entities as Hong Kong and Macao (special administrative regions of China), Greenland (an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark) and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (an unincorporated U.S. territory). Migrant stock information is not available for Taiwan or Kosovo. Though people from territorial origins are often citizens of a country (as Puerto Ricans are in the U.S.), we assign the religious distributions of specific territories separately because people within territories are often religiously distinct from their administrating country.

Asia-Pacific

The Asia-Pacific region includes 59 countries and territories: Afghanistan, American Samoa, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Cyprus, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Macao, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar (also called Burma), Nauru, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, North Korea, Northern Mariana Islands, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, and Wallis and Futuna.

Europe

The European region includes 49 countries and territories: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and Vatican City.*

* Vatican City is included in this analysis as a place of origin, but not as a destination because there is no information on the origins of migrants to Vatican City.

Latin America-Caribbean

The Latin America-Caribbean region includes 48 countries and territories: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay and Venezuela.

Middle East-North Africa

The Middle East-North Africa region includes 20 countries and territories: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara and Yemen.

North America

The North America region includes five countries and territories: Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, St. Pierre and Miquelon and the United States.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa includes 51 countries and territories: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, St. Helena, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

For each destination country, this Appendix tabulates the methods of deriving the religious composition of migrant stocks from various origin countries. We only estimate the religious composition of origin-destination country pairs that appear in the United Nations’ migrant stock database. For example, for Afghanistan, the UN only provides estimates of the number of migrants from Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. By contrast, for the United States, the UN estimates the number of migrants from 150 places.

As described in the Methodology, depending on available data, the religious composition of migrants from an origin country to a destination country was estimated by either:

1. Direct estimation, using one or more censuses and surveys in the destination country.
2. Indirect estimation, based on the religious composition of migrants from an origin country to the subregion of the destination country.
3. Indirect estimation, based on the religious composition of migrants from the subregion of the origin country to the destination country.
4. Indirect estimation, based on the religious composition of migrants from the origin country’s subregion to the destination country’s subregion.
5. The country of origin’s religious composition.

Afghanistan

From Pakistan: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Tajikistan, Uzbekistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Albania

From Canada, Greece, Italy, North Macedonia, Turkey, United States: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Algeria

From France, Germany, Italy, Russia, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Indonesia, Malaysia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Western Sahara, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

American Samoa

From China, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Fiji, New Zealand, Philippines, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Vietnam: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Other religion-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Andorra

From France, Portugal, Spain: computed from 2018 World Values Survey.
From Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Philippines, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Angola

From Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Republic of the Congo: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cape Verde, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, Zambia: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Portugal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Anguilla

From Canada, Dominican Republic, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Antigua and Barbuda

From Canada, China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Curacao, Dominica, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Syria: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Ethiopia, Ghana, South Africa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia, New Zealand: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Argentina

From Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies

From Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Aruba, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong, North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Angola, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Albania, Armenia, Australia, Cambodia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Laos, Myanmar, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Armenia

From Turkey: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Belarus, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Russia, Ukraine: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Iraq, Lebanon, Syria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Aruba

From China, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Caribbean Netherlands, Curacao, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Sint Maarten, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Portugal: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Philippines: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Australia

From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Channel Islands, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Faeroe Islands, Falkland Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, North Korea, North Macedonia, Northern Ireland, Northern Mariana Islands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Palestinian territories, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Republic of the Congo, Reunion, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Helena, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Wallis and Futuna, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe: computed from 2006 census.

From Curacao: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From South Sudan: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Austria

From Albania, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam, Yugoslavia: computed from 2001 census.
From Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bolivia, Burundi, Cameroon, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ghana, Hong Kong, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Nauru, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, St. Helena, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Macao: using other Other religion-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Azerbaijan

From Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Belarus, Georgia, Germany, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Estonia: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Bahamas

From Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong: using other religiously religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Botswana, Eswatini, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Egypt: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Indonesia, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia, Estonia, New Zealand, Philippines, Sri Lanka: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Bahrain

From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Chad, Nigeria, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From France, Netherlands, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Bangladesh

From China, Japan: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Indonesia, Malaysia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Norway, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brazil, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Barbados

From Canada, China, Cuba, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Belarus

From Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine: computed from 2017 Generations & Gender Survey.
From Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Vietnam: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Cuba, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Ireland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Ethiopia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Belgium

From France, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Turkey: computed from 2002-2018 European Social Survey (nine rounds), 2008-2010 Generations & Gender Survey and/or 2016 Western European Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, St. Helena, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland, St. Pierre and Miquelon: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Belize

From Canada, China, Germany, Lebanon, Mexico, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Benin

From Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Togo: computed from 2002 census.

Bermuda

From China, Germany, India, Italy, Jamaica, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Australia: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Japan: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Malaysia, Turkey: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Ghana, South Africa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Israel: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Bhutan

From China: using the origin country to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Japan, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Bolivia

From Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Caribbean Netherlands, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, St. Kitts and Nevis, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong, North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Chad, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Albania, Armenia, Australia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Fiji, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

From Austria, Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, North Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Montenegro: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Botswana

From Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Italy, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Eswatini, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Australia, Mauritius, Sri Lanka: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Brazil

From Angola, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, France, French Guiana, Germany, Greece, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Mexico, Mozambique, Netherlands, Nigeria, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Syria, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: computed from 2010 census.
From Dominican Republic, Nicaragua: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Australia, Cambodia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Kiribati, Laos, Myanmar, New Zealand, Palau, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

British Virgin Islands

From Canada, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Lebanon, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Brunei

From Australia, China, Japan, Pakistan: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From New Zealand, Philippines: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Netherlands, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Bulgaria

From Russia: computed from 2006-2012 2018-2020 European Social Survey (six rounds) and/or 2004 Generations & Gender Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Burkina Faso

From Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Togo: computed from 2006 census.

Burundi

From Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Kenya, Tanzania: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Belgium: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Rwanda, Uganda: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Cambodia

From China: using the origin country to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong, Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Laos, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Philippines, Russia, United Kingdom, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Cameroon

From Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, India, Italy, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sweden, Togo, United States: computed from 2005 census.
From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Germany, Greece, Netherlands: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Canada

From China, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam: computed from 2011 census.
From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay, Venezuela: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Australia, Cyprus, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, St. Pierre and Miquelon: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Japan, North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Macao: using other Other religion-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, Reunion, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Albania, Algeria, Bahrain, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritius, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Cape Verde

From Angola, France, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Italy, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, U.S. Virgin Islands: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China, Japan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Timor-Leste: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Caribbean Netherlands

From Argentina, Canada, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, France, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Curacao, Dominica, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Norway, Portugal: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Indonesia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From New Zealand: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Cayman Islands

From Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Austria, Channel Islands, Denmark, Finland, Ireland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Curacao, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Niger, Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Central African Republic

From Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Italy, Mali, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, South Sudan, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Australia, Cyprus: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Chad

From Niger, Nigeria: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of the Congo: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From France: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Libya, Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Channel Islands

From France, Portugal, United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Ireland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Chile

From Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Palestinian territories, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Romania, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: computed from 2002 census.
From Dominican Republic: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Haiti: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

China

From Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, India, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Colombia

From Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Comoros

From France: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Kenya, Madagascar, Reunion, Tanzania: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Cook Islands

From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Netherlands: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Costa Rica

From Nicaragua: computed from 2013 Latin American Survey.
From Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

From Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Dominica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland, St. Pierre and Miquelon: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong, North Korea: using other religiously religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Albania, Armenia, Australia, Bhutan, Cambodia, Cyprus, Estonia, Fiji, Guam, Laos, Macao, Mongolia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Croatia

From Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia: computed from 2008, 2010, 2018, 2020 European Social Survey (four rounds).
From Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Zambia: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Ireland, Montenegro: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Palestinian territories: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Cuba

From Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Italy, Lebanon, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Algeria: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Angola: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Albania, Czech Republic: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Curacao

From Argentina, Belgium, Canada, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Germany, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Portugal: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Indonesia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Cyprus

From Turkey, United Kingdom: computed from 2006-2012 2018 European Social Survey (five rounds) and/or 2019 World Values Survey.
From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Albania: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Czech Republic, Estonia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Djibouti, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Israel: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Israel to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Laos, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Mauritius: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Vietnam: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Other religion-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Czech Republic

From Slovakia, Ukraine: computed from 2002-2004 2008-2020 European Social Survey (nine rounds) and/or 2005 Generations & Gender Survey.
From Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greenland, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestinian territories, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

From Angola, Burundi, Republic of the Congo: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Central African Republic, Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Denmark

From Germany, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom: computed from 2002-2014 2018 European Social Survey (eight rounds) and/or 2021 Generations & Gender Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Macao: using other Other religion-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Djibouti

From Ethiopia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Dominica

From Canada, China, Cuba, France, Germany, Lebanon, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Syria: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Dominican Republic

From Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Malta, Moldova, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Sweden, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Iraq, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Syria: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, St. Pierre and Miquelon: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, South Africa, St. Helena: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Chad, Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Iran, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia, Bhutan, Cambodia, Cook Islands, Czech Republic, Philippines, Wallis and Futuna: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Ecuador

From Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

From Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Syria: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bahamas, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong, North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Angola, Cameroon, Ghana, South Africa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Albania, Armenia, Australia, Czech Republic, New Zealand, Philippines, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Egypt

From Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Comoros, Denmark, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Palestinian territories, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Yemen: computed from 2006 census.
From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, New Zealand: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Gibraltar, Hungary, Ireland, Moldova, Monaco, North Macedonia, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Qatar: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Mongolia, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Guatemala, Israel, Mexico, Venezuela: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

El Salvador

From Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Austria, Ireland, Portugal, Sweden: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Iran: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Palestinian territories: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia, Philippines: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Equatorial Guinea

From France, Gabon, Nigeria: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cameroon, Sao Tome and Principe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Spain: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Eritrea

From Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, India, Kenya, Tanzania, United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Comoros, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Estonia

From Belarus, Russia, Ukraine: computed from 2004-2020 European Social Survey (nine rounds).
From Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Vatican City: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestinian territories, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Republic of the Congo, Reunion, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Eswatini

From Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Botswana, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Australia, New Zealand: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Ethiopia

From Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Eritrea, Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Djibouti, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Sudan, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Faeroe Islands

From Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Lithuania, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Thailand, Tunisia, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Ethiopia: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Iceland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Falkland Islands

From Argentina, Chile, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From St. Helena: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia, New Zealand: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Federated States of Micronesia

From American Samoa, Guam, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Tonga: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Fiji

From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Cook Islands, Kiribati, New Zealand, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Finland

From Estonia, Russia, Sweden: computed from 2002-2020 European Social Survey (10 rounds).
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Iceland, Ireland, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, French Polynesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

France

From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Germany, Guinea, Italy, Ivory Coast, Laos, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, Vietnam: computed from 2002-2020 European Social Survey (10 rounds), 2008-2009 French Trajectories and Origins Survey and/or 2005 Generations & Gender Survey.
From Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Syria, Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From American Samoa, Armenia, Cook Islands, Cyprus, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Caribbean Netherlands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, St. Helena, Tanzania: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Macao: using other Other religion-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

French Guiana

From Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Italy, Peru: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Dominica, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Martinique, St. Lucia, Suriname: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Algeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Reunion: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Laos: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

French Polynesia

From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Algeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China, Japan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Indonesia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Gabon

From Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Belgium, Germany: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

From China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Israel: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Israel to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Gambia

From Senegal: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Liberia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Georgia

From Russia: computed from 2006 Generations & Gender Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Cuba: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Germany

From Afghanistan, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Eritrea, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Somalia, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine: computed from 2002-2018 European Social Survey (nine rounds), 2005 Generations & Gender Survey, 2008-2014 The German Family Panel, 2019 The German Socio-Economic Panel and/or 2018 World Values Survey.
From Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Benin, Ethiopia, Gabon, Liberia, Madagascar, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Montenegro: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Ghana

From Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Guinea, India, Italy, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cameroon, Ethiopia, Liberia, Rwanda, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Mauritania, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Switzerland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Sudan, Syria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Brazil: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China, Japan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Israel: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Israel to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Australia, Philippines, Sri Lanka: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Gibraltar

From Morocco, Spain, United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Greece

From Albania, Germany, Romania: computed from 2002-2004 2008-2010 2020 European Social Survey (five rounds) and/or 2017 World Values Survey.
From Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Ghana, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From American Samoa, Armenia, Cook Islands, Cyprus, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Channel Islands, Faeroe Islands, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Namibia, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, St. Helena, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland, St. Pierre and Miquelon: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Greenland

From China, Germany, Philippines, Poland, United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bulgaria, Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Iceland, Norway, Romania, Sweden: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.

Grenada

From Canada, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Guadeloupe

From Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Lebanon, Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Syria: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Dominica, French Guiana, Guyana, Haiti, Martinique, St. Lucia, Suriname: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Portugal: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Reunion: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Guam

From China, Japan, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Puerto Rico: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Vietnam: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Other religion-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Guatemala

From Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Haiti, Honduras, Panama, Puerto Rico: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Syria: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Portugal, Sweden: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia, Philippines: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Guinea

From Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, Somalia: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Albania: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Uruguay: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Cambodia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Israel: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Israel to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, India, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Nauru, Nepal, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Guinea-Bissau

From Senegal: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Guinea, Mauritania, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cape Verde, Liberia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From France, Portugal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Guyana

From Brazil, Canada, China, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Haiti

From Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Peru, Spain, Switzerland, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Austria: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Costa Rica, Puerto Rico: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Honduras

From Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Belize, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Sweden: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Jordan, Palestinian territories: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Hong Kong

From China: computed from 2018 World Values Survey.
From Japan, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Macao, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Hungary

From Romania: computed from 2002-2020 European Social Survey (10 rounds).
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Iceland

From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Gibraltar, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

India

From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China, Japan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Canada, Fiji, France, Germany, Iraq, Kenya, Kuwait, Mauritius, Nigeria, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam, Zambia: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Indonesia

From Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, United States: computed from 2010 census.
From Pakistan: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Malaysia: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Philippines, Timor-Leste: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United Kingdom: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Jordan, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Syria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Singapore, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Iran

From Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkmenistan: computed from 2006 census.
From Azerbaijan, Turkey: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Iraq

From Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Eritrea, South Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Mauritania, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Russia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Ireland

From Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: computed from 2006 census.
From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Burundi, Cambodia, Chile, Ecuador, Eritrea, Greece, Indonesia, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malta, Morocco, Mozambique, North Macedonia, Peru, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Slovenia, South Korea, Suriname, Syria, Tunisia, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Gibraltar, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Monaco: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, St. Helena, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Isle of Man

From Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Channel Islands, Ireland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Israel

From Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Yemen: computed from 2008 census, adjusted for counts of migrants from former USSR countries based on data from Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics and in-depth analyses conducted by Israeli researchers.

Italy

From Albania, Bangladesh, China, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Moldova, Morocco, North Macedonia, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Tunisia, Ukraine: computed from 2002 2012 2016-2020 European Social Survey (five rounds) and/or 2011-2012 Social Condition and Integration Of Foreign Citizens Survey.
From Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Ivory Coast

From Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cape Verde, Liberia, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

From Libya: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Jamaica

From Canada, Cuba, Nicaragua, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Japan

From China, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Jordan

From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Australia, Cyprus, New Zealand, Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Chad, Mauritania, Nigeria, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From China, Hong Kong, Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, South Africa, South Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Brazil, Colombia, Czech Republic, Israel, Venezuela: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Kazakhstan

From Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan: computed from 2017-2018 Generations & Gender Survey, 2012 Global Survey of Muslims and/or 2020 World Values Survey.
From China: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Belarus, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From North Korea, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Estonia: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Kenya

From Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Uganda: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Kiribati

From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Fiji, Nauru, New Zealand, Tuvalu: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Kuwait

From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Chad, Nigeria, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From France, Netherlands, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Kyrgyzstan

From China: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Belarus, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Estonia, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Laos

From China: using the origin country to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Latvia

From Russia: computed from 2008 2018 European Social Survey (two rounds).
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Palau: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Gabon, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Lebanon

From Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From France, Germany, Hungary, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From South Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Israel: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Lesotho

From Ghana, India, Tanzania, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Botswana, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Liberia

From Benin, Burkina Faso, France, Ghana, Guinea, India, Italy, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Lebanon: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Libya

From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Australia, Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From China, Japan, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Republic of the Congo, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Albania, Brazil, El Salvador: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Liechtenstein

From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Iceland, Ireland, Monaco, Montenegro: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahamas, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Gambia, Guinea: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Ethiopia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Tanzania: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Laos, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Maldives: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United Arab Emirates: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Lithuania

From Belarus, Russia, Ukraine: computed from 2010-2020 European Social Survey (six rounds) and/or 2006 Generations & Gender Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Samoa: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Aruba, Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Ethiopia, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Iceland, Ireland, Monaco: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Laos, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Luxembourg

From Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal: computed from 2002-2004 European Social Survey (two rounds).
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, French Polynesia, Papua New Guinea: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Macao

From China: computed from 2020 World Values Survey.
From Hong Kong: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Philippines, Portugal, Thailand: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Madagascar

From France, India: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Comoros: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Malawi

From Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Malaysia

From Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom: computed from 2000 census.
From Afghanistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Cambodia, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From New Zealand: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Iraq: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Somalia, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Maldives

From Australia, Japan, Pakistan: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Malaysia: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From New Zealand, Philippines: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Lebanon: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Mali

From Albania, Andorra, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Croatia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guadeloupe, Guinea, Israel, Ivory Coast, Kazakhstan, Liberia, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Tanzania, Togo, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Arab Emirates, United States: computed from 2009 census.
From Afghanistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Sudan: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From British Virgin Islands, Grenada, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Chad, Guinea-Bissau: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Japan: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Russia: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Rwanda, South Africa, Zambia: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Thailand: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From American Samoa, French Polynesia: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Malta

From Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Malaysia, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Ethiopia: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Ireland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Niger: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Palestinian territories, United Arab Emirates: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Marshall Islands

From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Martinique

From Belgium, Brazil, China, Dominican Republic, France, Italy, United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Dominica, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Haiti, St. Lucia: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Syria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Reunion: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Mauritania

From Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Senegal, Togo: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Chad, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Argentina, Brazil: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Belgium, Italy, Russia, Spain: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Mauritius

From Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Malaysia, Pakistan, Russia, Seychelles, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Mayotte

From Comoros: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From France: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Madagascar: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Mexico

From Argentina, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: computed from 2010 census.
From Brazil, Paraguay: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Syria: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Kenya, South Africa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria, Senegal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Australia, Czech Republic, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Moldova

From Russia, Ukraine: computed from 2020 Generations & Gender Survey.
From Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Turkey, Uzbekistan: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Monaco

From France, Italy: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Mongolia

From China: using the origin country to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Laos: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, North Macedonia, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Montenegro

From Albania, Australia, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Montserrat

From Canada, Dominican Republic, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Guyana, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Morocco

From Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Syria, Tunisia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Guinea, Mauritania, Senegal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Republic of the Congo: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Mozambique

From Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, China, Gambia, India, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, United States, Zimbabwe: computed from 2007 census.
From Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Lesotho, Malawi, Zambia: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Myanmar (also called Burma)

From China: using the origin country to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Namibia

From Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Ghana, Guinea, India, Italy, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Tanzania, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Botswana, Cameroon, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Sierra Leone, Somalia: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Chile, Cuba: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Czech Republic: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Israel: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Israel to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Australia, Mauritius, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Nauru

From Australia, Fiji, Kiribati, New Zealand, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Iran: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Nepal

From Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Russia, Singapore: computed from 2001 census.
From Pakistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Netherlands

From Belgium, Germany, Indonesia, Morocco, Suriname, Turkey, United Kingdom: computed from 2002-2020 European Social Survey (10 rounds) and/or 2002-2004 Generations & Gender Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Sint Maarten, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, South Sudan, St. Helena, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Mayotte, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

New Caledonia

From Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, French Polynesia, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Cambodia, Laos: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From France, Italy, Spain: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Indonesia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Vietnam: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Other religion-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

New Zealand

From United Kingdom: computed from 2020 World Values Survey.
From Austria, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Cambodia, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Czech Republic: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Vietnam: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Other religion-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Nicaragua

From Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Jordan, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Niger

From Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cameroon: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Libya, Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Nigeria

From Benin, Ghana, Niger, Togo: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cameroon, Liberia: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Chad, Mali, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Niue

From Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

North Korea

From China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

North Macedonia

From Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Montenegro: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Northern Mariana Islands

From Bangladesh: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China, Japan, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Palau, Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Puerto Rico: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Norway

From Denmark, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States: computed from 2002-2020 European Social Survey (10 rounds), 2007-2008 Generations & Gender Survey and/or 2016 Western European Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, South Sudan, St. Helena, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda, Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Mayotte, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Macao: using other Other religion-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Oman

From Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From France, Netherlands, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From South Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Pakistan

From China: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Indonesia, Iran: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Iraq: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Palau

From China, Japan, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Palestinian territories

From Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Israel: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Panama

From Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Syria: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From St. Pierre and Miquelon: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From South Africa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia, Czech Republic, Myanmar, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Papua New Guinea

From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Ireland, Russia: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China, Japan, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Indonesia, Malaysia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Singapore, Sri Lanka: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Tanzania: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Paraguay

From Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Poland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Peru

From Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: computed from 2007 census.
From Belgium, Dominican Republic, Lebanon, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Russia, South Korea, Uruguay: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Costa Rica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Angola, South Africa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia, Czech Republic, Estonia, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Philippines

From Turkey, United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Albania: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Angola, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Republic of the Congo, South Africa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Argentina, Aruba, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Australia, Guam, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China, Hong Kong, Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Israel: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Israel to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Vietnam: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Other religion-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Poland

From Belarus, Germany, Lithuania, Ukraine: computed from 2002-2018 European Social Survey (nine rounds) and/or 2010-2011 Generations & Gender Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Panama, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Ethiopia, Tanzania: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Guinea, Mali: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Iceland, Ireland, Monaco, Montenegro: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Portugal

From Angola, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Germany, Guinea-Bissau, India, Italy, Luxembourg, Macao, Moldova, Mozambique, Netherlands, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Timor-Leste, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Zimbabwe: computed from 2001 census.
From Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sweden, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Montenegro: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Benin, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Panama, Paraguay, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Puerto Rico

From Dominican Republic, United States: computed from 2013 Latin American Survey and/or 2018 World Values Survey.
From Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, South Korea, Spain, United Kingdom, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Jordan: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Poland, Portugal: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Qatar

From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Chad, Nigeria, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From France, Netherlands, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Republic of the Congo

From Angola, Benin, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Gabon, Mali, Senegal, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Germany, Portugal, Russia: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Mauritania: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cuba: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Lebanon: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Reunion

From France: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Comoros, Mayotte: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Madagascar: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Mauritius: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Romania

From Albania, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Moldova, Russia, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States: computed from 2002 census.
From Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, St. Helena, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Russia

From Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan: computed from 2006-2012 2016 European Social Survey (five rounds), 2004 Generations & Gender Survey, 2012 Global Survey of Muslims and/or 2017 World Values Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From American Samoa, Armenia, Cyprus, Northern Mariana Islands, Tuvalu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Costa Rica, Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Iceland, Ireland, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Rwanda

From Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda: computed from 2002 census.

Samoa

From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From France, Germany: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China, Japan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

San Marino

From Albania, Argentina, Brazil, France, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Sao Tome and Principe

From Angola, Gabon: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Mozambique: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Portugal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Saudi Arabia

From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Sudan, Syria, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Ethiopia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Senegal

From Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Togo: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Rwanda: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Brazil: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From France, Germany: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Serbia

From Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia: computed from 2018 European Social Survey and/or 2017 World Values Survey.
From Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Cuba: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Ireland, Montenegro: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Palestinian territories, United Arab Emirates: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Seychelles

From France, India, Italy, Kenya, Nigeria, United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Belgium, Germany, Russia, Spain: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Madagascar, South Africa, Uganda: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Somalia: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Indonesia, Maldives, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cuba: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Australia, Mauritius, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Sierra Leone

From Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Kenya, Liberia, Rwanda, South Africa, Zambia: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Germany, Russia, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From India, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Singapore

From China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia: computed from 2020 census.
From Bangladesh, Pakistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Macao, New Zealand, Philippines: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Sint Maarten

From Canada, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, France, Lebanon, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Curacao, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Indonesia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Slovakia

From Czech Republic: computed from 2004-2012 2018-2020 European Social Survey (seven rounds).
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Federated States of Micronesia, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Aruba, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Central African Republic, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, St. Helena, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Slovenia

From Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia: computed from 2002-2020 European Social Survey (10 rounds).
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, French Polynesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Wallis and Futuna: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Gabon, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Solomon Islands

From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Fiji, Kiribati, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Vanuatu: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China, Japan, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Indonesia, Malaysia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Somalia

From Eritrea, Ethiopia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

South Africa

From Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam, Yugoslavia: computed from 2001 census.
From Angola, Benin, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Tanzania: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, North Macedonia, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Reunion, Rwanda, Seychelles, St. Helena, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Somalia: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Estonia: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong, North Korea, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Albania, Australia, Cyprus, Fiji, Laos, Mauritius, Myanmar, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

South Korea

From China, Japan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

South Sudan

From Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Central African Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Egypt, Libya, Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Spain

From Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Morocco, Peru, Romania, United Kingdom, Venezuela: computed from 2002-2018 European Social Survey (nine rounds) and/or 2006 Fertility Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Sri Lanka

From China: using the origin country to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Japan, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Singapore, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Haiti, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

St. Helena

From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From South Africa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

St. Kitts and Nevis

From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

St. Lucia

From Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Curacao, Dominica, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Panama, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Austria, Ireland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Syria: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Ethiopia, Ghana, South Africa, Zimbabwe: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Malaysia, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Australia, New Zealand, Philippines: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

St. Pierre and Miquelon

From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From France: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

From Canada, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Caribbean Netherlands, Curacao, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Sint Maarten, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Sudan

From Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Uganda: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Sudan’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From Chad, Mali, Nigeria, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Sudan’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Sudan’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From Egypt, Libya: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Sudan’s religious minorities and migrant populations.

Suriname

From Brazil, China, Netherlands: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Guyana: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Sweden

From Bosnia-Herzegovina, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Poland: computed from 2002-2018 European Social Survey (nine rounds) and/or 2016 Western European Survey.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, France, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Gibraltar, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Switzerland

From Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam, Yugoslavia: computed from 2000 census.
From Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cameroon, Colombia, Croatia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Georgia, Ghana, Indonesia, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Republic of the Congo, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Iceland, Ireland, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

From Armenia, Cyprus, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, Yemen: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brunei, Maldives, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Syria

From Afghanistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Iraq, Palestinian territories, Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Tajikistan

From China, Pakistan: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Brunei, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Iraq, Oman: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia, New Zealand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belarus, Denmark, Georgia, Germany, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Niger, U.S. Virgin Islands, Zambia: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Tanzania

From Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Italy, Kenya, Republic of the Congo, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Germany: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Comoros, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Mauritius: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Thailand

From China, Hong Kong, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, United States: computed from 2000 census.
From Cambodia, Singapore, Sri Lanka: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Iraq, Italy, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palestinian territories, Philippines, Portugal, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, United Kingdom, Vietnam, Zimbabwe: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Timor-Leste

From Australia, New Zealand, Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Brazil, Cuba: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Portugal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Singapore, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Vietnam: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Other religion-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Togo

From Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal: computed from 2010 census.
From United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Belgium, Germany: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Sierra Leone: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

From China: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Tokelau

From Australia, New Zealand, Samoa, Tuvalu: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Tonga

From China, Japan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Fiji, Samoa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Trinidad and Tobago

From Canada, China, Cuba, Germany, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Philippines: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Tunisia

From Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Syria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Cameroon, Ivory Coast: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From France, Germany, Italy: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Turkey

From Australia, China, Japan: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Turkey’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From Pakistan: using the origin country to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Cyprus, New Zealand, Philippines: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Turkey’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From Hong Kong, North Korea, South Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Turkey’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Turkey’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From Canada, United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Turkey’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Turkey’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From Mongolia, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Turkey’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From Albania, Argentina, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Estonia, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guadeloupe, Israel, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country, further adjusted based on Pew Research Center analysis of publications describing Turkey’s religious minorities and migrant populations.
From Somalia: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Turkmenistan

From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Belarus, Germany, Russia, Ukraine: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Turks and Caicos Islands

From Canada, Dominican Republic, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Bahamas, Haiti: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Tuvalu

From Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

U.S. Virgin Islands

From Dominican Republic, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Curacao, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.

Uganda

From Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, United Kingdom, United States: computed from 2014 census.
From France, Ghana, India, Italy, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Egypt, Libya: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Eritrea, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, South Sudan, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Mauritania, Somalia: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bangladesh, Pakistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Cuba: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Latin American countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.

Ukraine

From Russia, Uzbekistan: computed from 2004-2012 European Social Survey (five rounds) and/or 2020 World Values Survey.

From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Estonia, Georgia, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Moldova, Morocco, Poland, Syria, Turkey, United States, Vietnam: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Palestinian territories: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Armenia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

United Arab Emirates

From Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Chad, Nigeria, Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From France, Netherlands, United Kingdom: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From India, Nepal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Philippines: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From United States: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality North American countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

United Kingdom

From Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Canary Islands, Cayman Islands, Channel Islands, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Grenada, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palestinian territories, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Helena, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe: computed from 2001 census.
From Cambodia, South Africa: using the origin country to Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Andorra, Faeroe Islands, Liechtenstein, Montenegro: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Anguilla, Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, French Polynesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Samoa, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Benin, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Togo: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Bhutan, Laos: using other Buddhist-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Greenland: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Tajikistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

United States

From Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Puerto Rico, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Venezuela, Vietnam: computed from 2012 & 2022 Asian Americans Survey, 2019 The American Trends Panel, 2003-2004 New Immigrant Survey, 2007 & 2014 Religious Landscape Survey and/or 2017 World Values Survey.as
From Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan: using other Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Angola, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Honduras, Montserrat, Panama, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Uruguay: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Armenia, Australia, Cyprus, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga: using other Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Bermuda: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Gambia, Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia: using other Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Macao: using other Other religion-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Nepal: using other Hindu-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Buddhist-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Albania, Algeria, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Uruguay

From Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Poland, Portugal, Romania: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.

Uzbekistan

From Armenia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Belarus, Germany, Russia, Ukraine: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Vanuatu

From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From France: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Venezuela

From Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay: using the origin country to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia: using other Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Aruba, Barbados, Belize, Caribbean Netherlands, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Panama, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago: using other Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From Hong Kong, North Korea: using other religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From India: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Hindu-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Turkey: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Nigeria, Senegal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Latin American countries as proxies.
From Albania, Armenia, Australia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Vietnam

From China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Other religion-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Canada, France, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Wallis and Futuna

From France: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.
From Mayotte: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality Asian countries as proxies.

Western Sahara

From Algeria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From France: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality European countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.

Yemen

From Egypt, Iraq, Palestinian territories, Sudan, Syria: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Iran: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Asian countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Somalia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries as proxies.
From Vietnam: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Zambia

From Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Ghana, India, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Tanzania, United Kingdom, United States: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Botswana, Cameroon, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe: using other Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Canada: using other Christian-plurality North American countries as proxies.
From Germany: using other Christian-plurality European countries as proxies.
From China, Japan: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from religiously unaffiliated-plurality Asian countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Egypt: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Muslim-plurality Middle East and North African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Australia: using the overall religious composition of the origin country.

Zimbabwe

From United Kingdom: using the origin country to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.
From Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia: using available data on the religious affiliations of other international migrants from Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries to Christian-plurality sub-Saharan African countries as proxies.