I. Overview

The spread of poverty across the United States that began at the onset of the Great Recession of 2007-2009 and accelerated last year hit one fast-growing demographic group especially hard: Latino children.

More Latino children are living in poverty—6.1 million in 2010—than children of any other racial or ethnic group. This marks the first time in U.S. history that the single largest group of poor children is not white. In 2010, 37.3% of poor children were Latino, 30.5% were white and 26.6% were black, according to an analysis of new data from the U.S. Census Bureau by the Pew Hispanic Center, a project of the Pew Research Center.

This negative milestone for Hispanics is a product of their growing numbers, high birth rates and declining economic fortunes. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Hispanics today make up a record 16.3% of the total U.S. population. But they comprise an even larger share—23.1%—of the nation’s children (Passel, Cohn and Lopez, 2011), a disparity driven mainly by high birth rates among Hispanic immigrants (Pew Hispanic Center, 2011). According to the 2010 Census, some 53.5% of children are white and 14.6% of children are black.

Of the 6.1 million Latino children living in poverty, more than two-thirds (4.1 million) are the children of immigrant parents, according the new Pew Hispanic Center analysis. The other 2 million are the children of parents born in the U.S. Among the 4.1 million impoverished Latino children of immigrants, the vast majority (86.2%) were born in the U.S.

The Great Recession, which began in 2007 and officially ended in 2009, had a large impact on the Latino community. At its beginning, the unemployment rate among Latino workers increased rapidly, especially among immigrant workers (Kochhar, 2008). Today, the unemployment rate among Latinos, at 11.1%, is higher than the national unemployment rate of 9.1% (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). Household wealth among Latinos declined more sharply than either black or white households between 2005 and 2009 (Taylor, Kochhar and Fry, 2011). And according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, food insecurity among Latino households increased sharply at the start of the Great Recession. In 2008, nearly a third (32.1%) of Latino households with children faced food insecurity, up from 23.8% in 2007 (Nord, Andrews and Carlson, 2009).¹

Prior to the Great Recession, more white children lived in poverty than Hispanic children. However, since 2007, that pattern has reversed. Between 2007 and 2010, an additional 1.6 million Hispanic children lived in poverty, an increase of 36.3%. By contrast, even though the number of white and black children living in poverty also grew, their numbers grew more slowly—up 17.6% and 11.7% respectively.

Poverty Rates Among Children

Even though there are more Latino children in poverty than any other racial or ethnic group, the poverty rate among black children is the nation’s highest. In 2010, 39.1% of black children lived in poverty, while 35% of Latino children and 12.4% of white children lived in poverty.

Since 2007, however, poverty rates among Latino children have increased most. Between 2007 and 2010, the Latino child poverty rate increased 6.4 percentage points. Among black children over the same period, the poverty rate increased 4.6 percentage points. And among white children, the poverty rate increased 2.3 percentage points.

Despite the record number of Latino children in poverty, the poverty rate among Hispanic children is not at a record high. In 1994 it stood at 41.5%. Among Hispanic children of immigrant parents, their poverty rate of 40.2% in 2010 is the highest since 1994, when it was 43.9%. Among the Hispanic children with U.S.-born parents, their poverty rate of 27.6% is also not a record high, though it is at its highest level in more than a decade.

The Demographics of Childhood Poverty Among Latino Children

The poverty rate among all Latino children has increased since 2007, but the Great Recession has had a varied impact on different subgroups of Latino children. Between 2007 and 2010, poverty rates among Latino children grew the most among those in families with parents who have a high school diploma or less—up 9.7 percentage points since 2007. By contrast, Latino children with a parent who has a college degree saw the smallest poverty rate increase—just 0.6 percentage points between 2007 and 2010.

Just as the Great Recession had a differential impact on subgroups of Latino children, the prevalence of poverty is not the same across all Latino children. In 2010, Latino children who lived in families headed by single mothers had the highest poverty rate—57.3%. Latino children in families with an unemployed parent also had one of the highest poverty rates overall—43.5% in 2010. By contrast, just 8.7% of Latino children in families with a college-educated parent lived in poverty in 2010.

The U.S. Poverty Rate

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the poverty rate among all Americans has increased since the beginning of the Great Recession. In 2007, the national poverty rate was 12.5%. In 2010, it was 15.1%, the highest it has been since 1993 when it was also 15.1%. Among the nation’s children, the poverty rate rose from 18% in 2007 to 22% in 2010, an increase of 4 percentage points. Among the nation’s largest racial and ethnic groups, the poverty rate among all Hispanics in 2010 was 26.6%, the highest it has been since 1997, and up 5.1 percentage points since 2007. Among blacks, the poverty rate was 27.4% and among whites 9.9%. Both rates were also higher than in 2007 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor and Smith, 2011).

A Roadmap to the Report

This report provides an in-depth look at Latino children who live in poverty. The next two sections explore poverty rates among many subgroups of Latino children and provide a detailed demographic profile of impoverished Latino children. The report’s appendix includes two tables. The first shows the number of white, black and Latino children in poverty between 1976 and 2010. The second shows the number of Latino children in poverty with immigrant parents and the number of Latino children in poverty with U.S.-born parents between 1993 and 2010.

About this Report

This report focuses on children living in poverty by race and ethnicity in the United States. Children are those ages 17 and younger. The data for this report are derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS) March Supplements from various years. The 1993, 2007 and 2010 estimates are based on Pew Hispanic Center tabulations of March CPS Supplements, including the recently released 2011 March CPS data. Poverty estimates for other years of white, black and Latino children are from historical tables available from the U.S. Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf. Poverty estimates of Latino children with at least one immigrant parent and Latino children with two U.S.-born parents are based on Pew Hispanic Center tabulations of March CPS Supplements from 1994 to 2011.

The CPS March Supplement, also known as Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC), is a survey of about 100,000 households conducted by the Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It is representative of the non-institutionalized population of the U.S. and is the source for annual, national official estimates of the number of persons living in poverty in the U.S. It also provides annual national estimates of income and health insurance coverage.

This report was researched and written by Associate Director Mark Hugo Lopez and Research Analyst Gabriel Velasco. Paul Taylor provided editorial guidance. D’Vera Cohn, Rakesh Kochhar and Jeffrey Passel provided research guidance and comments. Jeffrey Passel helped with the tabulation of poverty statistics. Seth Motel helped with the production of the report and number-checked it. The report was copy-edited by Molly Rohal.

A Note on Terminology

The terms “Latino” and “Hispanic” are used interchangeably in this report.

Reference to whites in this report refers to its non-Hispanic component. Reference to blacks includes both Hispanic and non-Hispanic components of the black population. The CPS altered its racial identification question in 2003 to allow respondents to identify themselves as being of more than one race. From 2003 onward, references to whites and blacks refer to persons self-identifying as white alone and black alone respectively.

“Foreign born” refers to persons born outside of the United States, Puerto Rico or other U.S. territories to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. “Native born” refers to persons who are U.S. citizens at birth, including those born in the United States, Puerto Rico or other U.S. territories and those born abroad to parents at least one of whom was a U.S. citizen.

The children of immigrant parents are native-born and foreign-born children under age 18 who have at least one parent that was born in another country. The children of U.S.-born parents are native-born children under age 18 who have two U.S.-born parents.

Among the nation’s more than 17 million Hispanic children, 35% lived in poverty in 2010. However, poverty rates vary widely among different groups of Hispanic children. For example, those in families headed by a single mother have the highest poverty rates, 57.3%, while those in families where at least one parent has a college degree have the lowest (8.7%).

The economic situation of parents plays an important role in affecting the poverty status of children. Among Latino children with an unemployed parent, 43.5% lived in poverty in 2010.

Among Latino children in married-couple families, the 2010 poverty rate was 25.3%, less than half the size of the poverty rate among children in female-headed families (57.3%). Among Latino children in male-headed families, 32.7% lived in poverty.

Hispanic children in families with a college-educated parent have the lowest poverty rates overall—8.7% in 2010. Among Hispanic children in families with a parent who has some college experience, 21.8% lived in poverty. By contrast, nearly half (48.3%) of Hispanic children with parents that have a high school degree or less lived in poverty in 2010.

The nativity of parents is an important factor in explaining poverty rates among Latino children. In 2010, the poverty rate among Latino children with immigrant parents was 40.2%, while it was 27.6% among Latino children with U.S.-born parents.

Childhood poverty rates are also linked to the age of the child. Among Latino children younger than age 5, 37.6% lived in poverty in 2010. Among those between the ages of 5 and 12, 35.9% lived in poverty, while among those ages 13 to 17, 30.1% lived in poverty.

Changes Between 2007 and 2010

The impact of the Great Recession on Latino children has been varied. Since 2007, poverty rates increased most among Latino children with parents who have a high school education or less—up 9.7 percentage points. That is followed by Latino children who are the children of immigrant parents—up 9.5 percentage points between 2007 and 2010.

By contrast, between 2007 and 2010 poverty rates increased the least among Latino children with parents who have a college degree (up 0.6 percentage points), Latino children who live in the northeast (up 2.1 percentage points) and children of U.S.-born parents (up 2.3 percentage points). Among all Latino children, the poverty rate increased 6.4 percentage points between 2007 and 2010.

Hispanic children who live in poverty are demographically different from those who do not. Overall, impoverished Hispanic children are more likely than Hispanic children who do not live in poverty to be in families headed by a single mother (45.4% versus 18.3%) and less likely to be in a married-couple family (45.7% versus 72.8%). Poor Hispanic children are also more likely than those who are not poor to have parents who are unemployed (18.9% versus 13.3%).

When it comes to the educational attainment of the parents of Hispanic children, those in poverty are more likely than those not in poverty to have parents with a high school education or less—79.3% versus 45.4%.

The Children of Immigrant Parents and the Children of U.S.-Born Parents

Latino children in poverty are more likely to have at least one immigrant parent than Latino children who do not live in poverty—67.6% versus 54.2%. And while two-thirds (67.6%) of Latino impoverished children have at least one immigrant parent, just 10.8% of white and 13.3% of black impoverished children have immigrant parents.

Among poor Hispanic children, those with immigrant parents are very different from those with U.S.-born parents. More than half (53.7%) of Hispanic poor children with immigrant parents are in married-couple families, compared with just 29.1% of Hispanic poor children with native-born parents. Along these same lines, 60.6% of Hispanic poor children with native-born parents are in a family with a single mother, compared with 38.2% of Hispanic poor children with immigrant parents.

Parental educational attainment among Latino poor children with immigrant parents is lower than it is among Latino poor children with U.S.-born parents. Some 82.3% of impoverished Latino children of immigrant parents have parents with a high school education or less, while the same is true for 73.1% of poor Latino children of native-born parents. By contrast, poor Latino children with native-born parents are more likely to have college-educated parents than poor Latino children with foreign-born parents—26.9% versus 17.7%.

Demographic Profiles of Poor Latino, White and Black Children

On many dimensions, Latino children in poverty differ from other children in poverty. With regard to family composition, Latino poor children and white poor children are less likely than black poor children to be in families headed by a single mother—45.4% and 46.3% versus 75.6%, respectively.

When it comes to the employment situation of parents, Latino poor children and white poor children are less likely than black poor children to be in families with an unemployed parent—18.9% and 19.5% versus 23.5%, respectively. And a greater share of Latino poor children has parents with a high school education or less (79.3%) than either poor white children (54.7%) or poor black children (62.7%).

Latino Children in Poverty—1993, 2007 and 2010

Today’s impoverished Latino children are not much different from those who lived in poverty in 1993, two years after the end of the 1990-1991 recession.² Then, as now, nearly half of Latino poor children lived in families headed by a single mother—43.7% in 1993 versus 45.4% in 2010. However, poor Latino children today differ from those in 1993 in a few ways. In 1993, two-thirds (68.6%) of Latino poor children were of Mexican origin while in 2010 three-fourths (75.1%) were. When it comes to the regional dispersion of Latino children in poverty, the recent growth in the number of Latinos living in the South (Passel, Cohn, and Lopez, 2011) is reflected among today’s impoverished Latino children. In 1993, 26% lived in the south. By 2010, that share had increased to 38.1%.

On most other basic demographic markers, the profile of Latino poor children in 2007 and 2010 is similar. Family composition, parental educational attainment and parental nativity among Latino poor children are unchanged in 2010 relative to 2007. However, as might be expected, today’s Latino children in poverty are more likely to have an unemployed parent than Latino children in 2007—18.9% versus 11.8%.